Microbiology Final (Reading Questions) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Microbiology Final (Reading Questions) Deck (59)
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1
Q

Define autotroph and heterotroph organisms and give one example of each

A

Autotroph: organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals; sometimes called producers.
Heterotroph: organism that cannot manufacture its own food; derives its intake form other sources. Secondary or tertiary consumer

2
Q

Define motile and sessile organisms

A

Motile: self-propelled, walking, slithering, swimming and flying. Many single-celled organisms use flagellar mobility, amoeboid movement, gliding motility, etc.
Sessile: can move via external forces but are usually permanently attached to something.

3
Q

Compare and contrast the theory of spontaneous generation and the theory of biogenesis. Name the scientist who completely disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Spontaneous generation is that in certain conditions non-living items can produce life (e.g. rotten meat gives life to maggots and flies).
Biogenesis: life begets life
Pasteur disproved the theory of biogenesis.

4
Q

List three differences of cell wall and cell membrane and list three living organisms that have cell wall and one living organism that does not have cell wall

A

Cell membrane is present in all cells; cell wall is not present in animal cells
Cell wall is made up of different materials for different cells (e.g. plant cell versus fungal cell)
Cell wall in plant cell, fungal cell and bacterial cell

5
Q

List five differences of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
Genetic information
Organelles
Size (eukaryotes usually bigger)
Organisms
Cell structure
6
Q

List three differences of sexual and asexual reproduction

A
Asexual:
-Genetically uniform 
-One organism
-Efficient and fast
-Simple organisms (bacteria)
Sexual reproduction
-Uniting of two gametes
-Diversity
-More time consuming (two gametes finding each -other)
-Harder
7
Q
Which of the following human pathogens does not have a cell wall?
A) bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Protists
D) Helminths
A

D) Helminths

8
Q

List three differences of a virus and a bacterial cell

A
  • Viruses are not considered living while bacteria are
  • Viruses need a host in order to reproduce unlike bacteria that can reproduce independently
  • Bacteria have a cell wall while viruses do not; some viruses have an envelope
9
Q

Explain the structure of a nucleotide

A

Nucleotides are composed of three subunit molecules: a nitrogenous base (also known as nucleobase), a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are guanine, adenine, cytosine and thymine; in RNA, uracil is used in place of thymine.

10
Q

Define DNA transcription and RNA translation

A

Transcription is the first of several steps of DNA based gene expression in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript.

RNA translation:
Translation involves “decoding” a messenger RNA (mRNA) and using its information to build a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids. For most purposes, a polypeptide is basically just a protein (with the technical difference being that some large proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains).

11
Q

Define reverse-transcription and compare it with transcription.

A

The main difference between transcription and reverse transcription is that transcription is the encoding of the DNA genome into RNA molecules whereas reverse transcription is the encoding of the RNA genome into DNA molecules. mRNA, tRNA or rRNA can be produced during transcription. cDNA is produced during reverse transcription.

Transcription occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes while reverse transcription mainly occurs in RNA viruses.

12
Q

Is HIV a retrovirus?

A

HIV is called a retrovirus because it works in a back-to-front way. Unlike other viruses, retroviruses store their genetic information using RNA instead of DNA, meaning they need to ‘make’ DNA when they enter a human cell in order to make new copies of themselves.

13
Q
What type of genome does HPV have?
A.DNA
B.RNA
C.Both
D.None
A

A. DNA

14
Q
Which type of pathogen causes mad cow disease,  zombie deer disease, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS), Kuru disease, and  fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
A- Bacteria
B- Fungi
C- Virus
D- Prion
A

D. Prion

15
Q

What is a potential way of zombie deer prion (CWD) to be transmitted to humans?

A

If a human eats infected meat (muscle tissue) or brain tissue from CWD-infected deer and elk.

16
Q

How Kuru disease is transmitted to others?

A

The disease was the result of the practice of ritualistic cannibalism among the Fore, in which relatives prepared and consumed the tissues (including brain) of deceased family members. Brain tissue from individuals with kuru was highly infectious, and the disease was transmitted either through eating or by contact with open sores or wounds.

17
Q

Name a bacterial disease outbreak and a viral disease outbreak that cannot be
controlled by alcohol based hand sanitizers

A

Bacterial - C.difficile

Viral - norovirus (Causes most forms of gastroenteritis)

18
Q

Watch this video and explain what is the main advantage of using the robot and how C.diff rates were changed after treating the area with UV robot

A

Lowers hospital acquired infections
UV can reach hard to reach places
Fabrics and textiles

19
Q

True or false: Each time we use a given antibiotic it becomes less effective in us and in others

A

True

20
Q

According to the video, how many people per year are killed by antibiotic resistance worldwide?

A

700,000 currently - projected to be 10 million

21
Q

The presenter suggests two sources to find information about proper use of antibiotics, list them.

A

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention

World Health Organization

22
Q

Is MRSA considered a sexually transmitted disease?

A

No

23
Q

Can MRSA be transmitted to others through sex?

A

Yes - it is passed by skin-to-skin contact, which is not limited to sexual activity but that can be transmitted by sexual contact

24
Q

Explain how MRSA screening is done?

A

The actual test is often done via a swab taken from the nasal area. This is then evaluated in the laboratory. Some times swabs will be taken from other areas including active skin infections, the under arm area or around the groin.

25
Q

List three areas of the body that are tested for MRSA colonization.

A

Nasal area, under arm area or groin area

26
Q

List two antimicrobial drug resistant infections that their rate in Canadian healthcare facilities has decreased in recent years.

A

Healthcare-associated C. difficile infection rates continue to decline

27
Q

List one antimicrobial drug resistant microorganisms that its rate in Canada has increased in recent years.

A

Increase in colonization by carbapenemase-producing organisms in both hospitals and the community setting
The rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections coming from the community has nearly doubled

28
Q

True or false: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of farms reporting no use of medically important antimicrobials.

A

True

29
Q

Why is fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) being used as a treatment forC. difficileinfection?

A
  • antibiotics kill off too many good bacteria in gut microflora
  • restores good bacteria by donor stool with good bacteria
  • via colonoscopy
    treatment for recurrent c. difficile colitis
30
Q

FMT cures how many percent of treated people?

A

90% + cured

31
Q

Stool sample from a healthy donor is screened to ensure that ………………………………………

A

there are no infectious diseases in it.

32
Q
What is the most important virulence factor of C. difficile? 
Toxins
Cell membrane 
Flagellum 
All
A

Toxins

33
Q

Is C. difficile gram-positive?

A

Yes

34
Q

Can C. difficile produce endospores (spores)?

A

Yes

35
Q

C. difficile spores are hard to destroy using ……….., ……………., and ………………

A

heat, radiation, and many of the chemical and alcohol based disinfectants used in hospitals (e.g. hand sanitizer).

36
Q

Do you think alcohol based hand sanitizers can destroy C. difficile spores?

A

No. It won’t kill the spores.

37
Q

What are the two types of immunofluorescence techniques they use to identify pathogens?

A

Direct and indirect.
Direct IF uses a single antibody directed against the target of interest. The primary antibody is directly conjugated to a fluorophore.

Indirect IF uses two antibodies. The primary antibody is unconjugated and a fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody is used for detection.

38
Q

What are the two infections (diseases) they are able to diagnose using immunofluorescence technique?

A

Toxoplasma, rabies

39
Q

Spanish flu killed more people in first 25 weeks than the number of people killed by ………… in 25 years.

A

HIV/AIDS

40
Q

Where in our body avian and pandemic flu strains tend to reproduce?

A

deep in our lungs

41
Q

People who were infected with Spanish flu were died either due to initial flu infection or ………..

A

they died from the enormously strong immune response to that infection.

42
Q

Why it is important for us to understand the origin and routs or transmission of a past pandemic like Spanish flu?

A

If you can understand the origins of the pandemic and how it travels, you can maybe stop it in the future.

43
Q

True or False: In most cases when a flu virus from bird or pig infects a human it quickly evolves into a human virus (i.e. it becomes able to transmit from a human to another human).

A

False. In most cases it won’t be successful.

44
Q

Why H5 and H7 flu viruses have not cause a pandemic like Spanish flu yet?

A

human to human transmission hasn’t been efficient; if it gets better at it, we are in trouble

45
Q

Is there a hope for universal flu vaccine in the future?

A

Yes, at some point in the future

46
Q

What is congenital syphilis and how can be prevented?

A

When a pregnant woman has a syphilis infection and asses the infection on to her fetus. It ca be prevented by testing at first prenatal visit and throughout pregnancy for high risk patients. Usual treatment is penicillin.

47
Q

Since 2015 how many babies in AB were born with syphilis and how many stillbirth due to syphilis had happened?

A

25 babies born with congenital syphilis and 2 babies were stillborn.

48
Q

Can syphilis cause blindness?

A

Yes, it can attack the brain and cause blindness.

49
Q

Explain how the rate of gonorrhea cases in Alberta has changed from 2015 to 2018:

A

Cases have more than doubles. 2018 = 5,000 from 2014 at 1,900.

50
Q

In order to control the outbreak, the medical officer of health is “strongly recommending……………………………

A

primary care providers talk to patients about their sexual health.

51
Q

Explain which type of treatment this Ebola patient received and how this treatment helped his body fight the disease.

A

Blood transfusion from a patient that survived ebola and had the antibodies. The antibodies gave him ‘loaned’ immunity.

52
Q

Why this treatment could not be used for all Ebola patients?

A

the treatment is hard to collect and there couldn’t be enough for all patients.

53
Q

What was the subject of the short retraction of the above mentioned paper done by 10 out of 12 co-authors in 2004?

A

no causal link was established between MMR vaccine and autism as the data were insufficient”

54
Q

What was the main undisclosed conflict of interest related to this paper?

A

failed to disclose financial interests (e.g., Wakefield had been funded by lawyers who had been engaged by parents in lawsuits against vaccine-producing companies)

55
Q

While Canadians are not being vaccinated for smallpox due to the potential side effects, some first responders are vaccinated for smallpox in a voluntary base. List two groups of first responders that are given the option to receive smallpox vaccine.

A

police officers, firefighters, ambulance attendants, the military and others

56
Q

The Government of Canada has adopted a “search and contain” strategy recommended by public health experts. Explain how it works.

A

This strategy vaccinates the contacts of confirmed smallpox patients, and will be the first-line strategy in a smallpox emergency. It also vaccinates people who are in close contact with those contacts. This way, everyone who has been, or could have been, exposed to a patient with smallpox receives the vaccine. Ring vaccination requires thorough and rapid surveillance and epidemiologic case investigation.

57
Q

Do some research and find a food recall in Canada in past 2 years and
list:
1. Date of the recall
2. Which type of food/ or drink was the subject of recall
3. Which pathogen was responsible for the recall
4. How may cases of illness or death were associated with the recall

A
  1. September 10, 2020
  2. Pumpkin Pie Jam
  3. Clostridium botulinum
  4. No reported illnesses; discovered through CFIA testing
58
Q

Explain the most likely reason for nurse in Texas being infected with Ebola while she seemed to have proper PPE?

A
  • putting it on incorrectly
  • taking off additional gloves can be problematic
  • when emergency action was required for kidney dialysis or respiratory intubation
59
Q

According to National Nurses United what were the main reasons behind HCWs not being able to protect themselves against Ebola infections while working with Ebola patients?

A

76% said their hospital hasn’t communicated any policy about how to admit Ebola-infected patients. And 85% said their hospital hasn’t provided education on Ebola where the nurses can interact and ask question