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Boards > Micro-Immuno Anderson > Flashcards

Micro-Immuno Anderson Flashcards

1
Q

acid tolerant organisms of the stomach

A

lactobacilli, streptococci, H. Pylori

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2
Q

what kind of bacteria are in small intestine?

A

anaerobic bacteria…some parasites and fungi…campylobacter, salmonella

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3
Q

large intestine bacteria

A

all the ___bacters, peptostreptococci, bacteroides fragilis

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4
Q

post antibiotic what organisms can overgrow in the large intestine

A

C. Diff, fungal infections

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5
Q

GU infection bacteria

A

lactobacilli (more in women), corynebacteria, staph, strep (vagina)

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6
Q

what sort of bacteria most commonly infects the nose?

A

anaerobes most common, but could be aerobes

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7
Q

conjunctival infection is probably

A

staph

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8
Q

what bacteria are very likely to have exotoxins

A

gram +

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9
Q

what bacteria have endotoxins

A

gram -

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10
Q

what gram + bacteria has an endotoxin

A

listeria monocytogenes

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11
Q

what cells kill viral infections

A

NK and cytotoxic T cells

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12
Q

what Ig lines neutralize viral particles in blood

A

IgM/IgG

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13
Q

what cells kill bacteria

A

neutrophils

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14
Q

is complement binding for viruses or bacteria

A

bacteria

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15
Q

what kind of cell kills tumors

A

T cells

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16
Q

is endotoxin denatured by boiling

A

no

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17
Q

do endotoxins form toxoids

A

no, exotoxins do

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18
Q

what has a higher potency, endotoxin or exotoxin

A

exotoxin

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19
Q

what has a higher specificity, endotoxin or exotoxin

A

exotoxin

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20
Q

what tends to be more pyrogenic, endo or exotoxin

A

endotoxin

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21
Q

the shivering response is orchestrated by the

A

posterior hypothalamus

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22
Q

what area of the brain compares the detected core temperature to the set-point temperature

A

anterior hypothalamus

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23
Q

pyrogens increase the production of what interleukin

A

IL-1 in phagocytic cells

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24
Q

where does IL-1 act on

A

anterior hypothalamus

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25
Q

what does IL-1 increase the production of?

A

prostaglandins, which increase the set-point temperature

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26
Q

heat exhaustion

A

caused by excessive sweating, blood volume and arterial BP decrease and syncope occurs

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27
Q

heat stroke

A

occurs when body temperature increases to the point of tissue damage, normal response to increased ambient temperature (sweating) is impaired and core temperature increases further

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28
Q

hypothermia

A

when ambient temperature is so low that heat-generating mechanisms cannot adequately maintain core temperature near set point

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29
Q

malignant hyperthermia

A

caused in susceptible individuals by inhalation anesthetics, characterized by a massive increase in oxygen consumption and heat production by skeletal muscle which causes a rapid rise in body temperature

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30
Q

what do NK cells do

A

cytotoxic, create a hole in antigen cell/create an osmotic cascade to kill it…

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31
Q

where are NK cells from and what are they stimulated by

A

from common lymphoid stem cell in marrow, stimulated by complement cascade

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32
Q

where do T cells come from

A

thymus

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33
Q

what site forms the basis for cell mediated immunity

A

thymus

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34
Q

what does the spleen do

A

detains and inactivates/kills antigens

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35
Q

what is GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue, enteroendocrine cells, IgA, local gut immunity, Peyer’s patch–encapsulated lymphoid tissue in ileal submucosa where they can detect large antigens that accidentally diffused across the intestinal epithelium

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36
Q

specific immune response

A

antigen triggers an immune response, Antigen Presenting Cells present Ag to T cells, T cells attack antigen and stimulate B cells, B cells produce antibody and antibody attacks antigen

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37
Q

first responder to bacterial infection

A

neutrophils

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38
Q

monocytes are in the

A

blood

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39
Q

macrophages are in the

A

tissues

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40
Q

basophils

A

activated during compliment, release Ig’s and Heparin

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41
Q

eosinophils

A

increased in allergy/parasite/IBD

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42
Q

basis for humoral immunity is

A

B cells

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43
Q

compliment

A

activation of endogenous proteins in case of immunologic need. mainly precursors to enzymes

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44
Q

two pathways for compliment

A

classical and alternate

45
Q

classical compliment pathway

A

activated by antigen-antibody reaction

46
Q

alternate compliment pathway

A

goes around the Ag/Ab reaction and activates the compliment cascase in the middle (at the C-3 locus) without the Ag/Ab reaction…less effective than classical pathway

47
Q

whats an interferon

A

any of a group of proteins produced by cells in the body in response to an attack by a virus

48
Q

what releases interferons

A

a cell infected by a virus releases minute amounts of interferons which attach themselves to neighboring cells, prompting them to start producing their own protective antiviral enzymes

49
Q

what makes interferon alpha and what does it do

A

leukocytes, inhibits cell (tumor) proliferation and enhances NK growth

50
Q

what makes interferon beta

A

fibroblasts

51
Q

what makes interferon gamma and what do they do

A

T cells, activates NK and killer T cells, activates macrophages, one of the most effective mediators of phagocytic activity in macrophages

52
Q

what does TNF trigger

A

apoptosis, interacts with tumor cells to trigger cytolysis or cell death

53
Q

TNF beta is induced by

A

IL-10

54
Q

IL-1

A

secreted by macrophages and monocytes, for fever and T cell proliferation

55
Q

IL-3

A

promotes celular immunity, secreted by CD-4 cells

56
Q

IL-4

A

promotes humoral immunity, secreted by CD-4

57
Q

IL-5

A

promotes humoral immunity, secreted by CD4

58
Q

IL-10

A

promotes humoral immunity, secreted by T cells

59
Q

IL-11

A

fibroblast secretion

60
Q

MHC-1

A

presents viral antigen to CD8 T lymphocytes, play a major role in killing virally infected cells and cancer cells

61
Q

MHC-2

A

docking protein on macrophage which hooks a CD-4 T helping cell to the macrophage

62
Q

haptens

A

incomplete antigen, unable to stimulate immune response on its own, will react with other proteins therefore making them antigenic, many haptens have highly reactive moieties that create their completion

63
Q

secondary immune response is also known as

A

memory response

64
Q

IgA

A

secretory, found in tears/saliva/mucus, prevents bacteria/viruses/toxins from attaching to mucosal linings

65
Q

IgE

A

allergy, Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity (allergy) reactions, parasite infection

66
Q

IgM

A

first responder, elevated in acute infection, basis for ABO blood type antigen/transfusion reaction

67
Q

IgG

A

long term, most common type, focuses NK cells to their targets, used in passive immunization (gamma-globulin injection)

68
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE mediated, anaphylaxis

69
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivty

A

antibody mediated (ie goodpastures)

70
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

immune complex mediated, Ag/Ab complexes activate compliment

71
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

cell mediated (T cell), delayed and cytotoxic types (ie TB skin test)

72
Q

all autoimmunity of humoral original is what type(s) hypersensitivity

A

1, 2, 3…cell mediated is type 4

73
Q

DiGeorge’s Syndrome

A

thymic hypoplasia, selective T cell deficiency from secondary to agenesis of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, Total absence of cell-mediated immunity

74
Q

Scleroderma/Systemic Sclerosis

A

excessive collagen/fibrosis in the microvasculature throughout the body (skin, GI, kidneys, heart, lungs), unknown antigens causing autoimmune response

75
Q

sjogrens

A

dry eyes and mouth resulting from immunologically mediated destruction of the lacrimal and salivary glands

76
Q

lupus

A

acute or insidious onset of chronic remitting and relapsing often febrile illness, autoimmune injury to skin/joints/kidney/serosal membranes, TYPE 3 hypersensitivity immune complexes and TYPE 2 auto-antibodies, cause unknown, genetic predisposition

77
Q

dermatomyositis

A

inflammatory myopathy with skin involvement

78
Q

polymyositis

A

inflammatory myopathy without skin involvement

79
Q

HIV

A

loss of CD4 T cells and impairment of surviving ones, infection of monocytes and macrophages

80
Q

beta hemolytic means

A

complete hemolysis

81
Q

alpha hemolytic means

A

partial hemolysis

82
Q

staph aureus

A

beta hemolytic on blood agar, coagulase positive (problem for humans), impetigo, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome…also causes food poisoning of 4 hours after ingestions and lasting 24 hours

83
Q

staph epidermidis

A

coagulase negative (harder to be a problem for humans), surgical and other wound infections, subacute endocarditis

84
Q

staph saprophyticus

A

least common, coagulase negative, UTI

85
Q

strep pyogenes (group A)

A

pharygitis, impetigo (staph more though), scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, TSS, rheumatic fever

86
Q

strep agalactiae (group B)

A

post partum infection in the infant, neonatal sepsis and meningitis

87
Q

strep pneumoniae

A

pneumonia, sinusitis, meningitis, otitis media, bacteremia

88
Q

strep viridans

A

endocarditis, bacteremia, common found in dental caries

89
Q

name 2 gram + cocci

A

staph and strep

90
Q

name a gram negative diplococci

A

neiserria

91
Q

n. gonorrhea

A

second most common STD in the US, urethritis/cervicitis

92
Q

n. meningitidis

A

meningitis: highest infection rate

93
Q

name 2 spore forming gram positive

A

clostridium, bacillus

94
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

honey in infants, causes botulism, neurotoxin that blocks cholinergic nerves, blocks release of ACh, adults have descending paralysis and will require ventilation

95
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

GAS gangrene

96
Q

clostridium tetani

A

tetanus, neurotoxin blocks inhibitory neurotransmission, inhibits glycine and GABA

97
Q

clostridium difficile

A

post anti biotic diarrhea = pseudomembranous colitis

98
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

anthrax

99
Q

bacillus cereus

A

GI and eye infections, food poisoning in baked goods, most common cause of traumatic eye infection, very destructive

100
Q

name 2 gram positive non spore formers

A

corynebacterium, listeria

101
Q

corynebacterium diptheriae

A

common on skin and in respiratory secretions, diptheria now rare. most common in young and old because they have poor immune systems, viral URI developes and a pharyngeal pseudomembrane with gray coating is formed which can cause severe hemorrhage

102
Q

listeria monocytogenes

A

found everywhere, targets pregnant women, neonates, elderly, immunocompromised patients, neonatal disease is highly fatal and call granulomotosis infatiseptica, replicates in macrophages with the help of listeriolysin O and thus avoids antibodies and other bactericidal agents, likes to go to the heart and brain

103
Q

gram negative rods

A

so many…E coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter aerogenes, citrobacter freundii, yersinia, proteus, pseudomonos aeruginosa, legionella pneumophilia

104
Q

what does e coli do that is special

A

ferments lactose, salmonella and shigella dont

105
Q

escherichia coli

A

most common cause of UTI, septicemia, gastroenteritis, neonatal meningitis (group B strep #1)

106
Q

enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative E coli

A

SI disease, travelers diarrhea

107
Q

enteropathogenic E coli

A

small intestine, infantile non-bloody diarrhea

108
Q

enteroinvasive E coli

A

LI epithelial invasion, watery diarrhea followed by dysentery with scant blood stools

109
Q

enterohemorrhagic E coli

A

hemorrhagic colitis, diarrhea is copious and watery followed by grossly bloody phase, associated with HUS

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