General Systems Theory
emphasizes the impact of environment on individuals via social systems.
What does the model do for general systems theory?
Is about the dynamic interaction of the components of the model such as that a change in any part of the system affects the rest of the system but doesn’t determine the whole system.
What are the two system concepts in general systems theory?
Homeostasis and feedback
Homeostasis
maintenance of normal internal stability (steady state)
Feedback
when output from a system is put back into a system
When someone is told something from an outside lense.
Ecological Theory
(life model) focuses on inter-relatedness between people and the environment.
What are the four ecological concepts?
adaptedness, stress, coping, and habitat
adaptedness
goodness of a fit with the environment
Who created psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund Freud
What is psychoanalytic theory?
That the functioning of the mind is not random; all thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are related to prior experiences and events.
tripartite psychic structure
(id, ego, and superego) which guides functioning
Id
seat of the primitive drives and instinctual needs (physical)
Ego
meditator between id and superego; between internal and external reality
Superego
seat of conscience (mental)
Reality Testing
accurate perception of external environment and internal world
Judgement
capacity to act appropriately (depends on accurate perception and evaluation of a given circumstance)
Regulation and Control of Impulses, Drives, and Affects
Ability to modulate, delay, inhibit, or control expression in accord with reality; ability to tolerate intense, unpleasant emotions without becoming overwhelmed
Object Relations
suggesting instead that humans are primarily motivated by the need for contact with others—the need to form relationships.
Thought Processes
Capacity to perceive, concentrate, anticipate, symbolize, remember, and reason; thinking is organized, logical, and oriented to reality
Defense Functions
Unconscious internal mechanisms to protect from extreme anxiety white fostering optimal functioning
Synthetic Integrative Functioning
part of superego, binds and fits all parts of the personality into structure that can act in the external world.
Who created Separation- Individual Theory?
Margaret Mahler
separation-individual theory
the focus on development of a consolidation sense of “self” as the result of separation and individuation of the self from the love object.
Separation refers to the development of limits, the differentiation between the infant and the mother, whereas individuation refers to the development of the infant’s ego, sense of identity, and cognitive abilities.
who created cognitive development theory?
jean piaget
cognitive development theory
The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it.
intelligence
activity of coping with environment, the maximum adaptive capacity provides structure of intelligence
schemata
action sequences and behavior patterns
assimilation
process that manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge
accommodation
the tendency of an organism to adapt to the events of the environment
equilibrium
refers to a state of balance between an individual’s mental schemata, or frameworks, and his or her environment.
who created moral development theory?
lawerence kohlberg
moral development theory
a development theory of moral reasoning that parallels cognitive development in that the child cannot achieve higher levels of moral reasoning until achieving higher levels of cognitive reasoning
what are the three stages of moral development theory?
pre-conventional, conventional, and post- conventional
pre-conventional
moral reasoning based on avoiding punishment and to serve one’s own needs, “right” is relative to that moment
conventional
moral reasoning based on the need to look good in one’s own eyes and the eyes of others; maintain social system, shared social perspective
post-conventional
belief in greater moral principles and a sense of personal commitment to doing what is right because it is right, regardless of individual needs
stages of death and dying
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
bargaining
the if on;y’s that cause the individual to find fault in him/herself and what s/he thinks s/he could have done differently