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Memory > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

0
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Involves transforming sensory input into the type of data that van be understood, and storing the information as visual or auditory image
visual images last 1/2 second
sounds (echoic memory) lasting up to 4 seconds

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1
Q

Three stages of memory

A

Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

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2
Q

selective attention

A

can be deliberate or automatic

only information that is attended to passes into short term memory

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3
Q

how long is info stored in short-term memory?

A

up to 30 seconds

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4
Q

two components of short-term memory

A

primary memory

working memory

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5
Q

primary memory

A

passive holding tank for small amounts of information requiring no manipulation (e.g. remembering five digits in sequence)

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6
Q

working memory

A

holds info AND manipulates it

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7
Q

capacity of short-term memory

A

5-9 items from a list of unrelated items

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8
Q

chunking

A

involves transforming separate items into meaningful units and thereby increases the ability to remember the items

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9
Q

two components of longer-term memory

A 
recent memory (intermediate memory) - two weeks
remote memory (long-term memory) - two years or more
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10
Q

eidetic memory

A

photographic memory

ability to retain an image of what is seen for a long period of time

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11
Q

retreival

A

process of accessing information from long-term memory into short-term memory for analysis or awareness

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12
Q

recognition vs. recall

A

in general, tasks requiring recognition are easier than those requiring recall because recognition involves matching a specific cue to items in longer-term memory, while recall involves using a general stimulus cue to search the contents of long-term memory

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13
Q

priming

A

involves exposure to a stimulus that makes it easier for a person to recognize the stimulus at a later point in time
e.g. if person shown the following puzzle: “c_m_r_“and is asked to identify the word would be more likely to come up with “camera” if she has seen this puzzle before

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14
Q

Zeigarnik Effect

A

tendency to remember and work on uncompleted tasks

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15
Q

redintigration

A

occurs when something (e.g. a smell from childhood) rapidly unlocks a chain of memories

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16
Q

landmark events

A

events that are important to us, such as graduation, marriage, or the birth of our child, that serve as key markers for our memory
we can use these events to go backward or forward to locate details of other events that occurred around the same time

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17
Q

flashbulb memories

A

memories of distinct, significant events, usually of a traumatic nature
evoke strong emotional reactions at the time of encoding, so tend to involve vivid detail and are remembered for a long period of time
typically person is most likely to remember later on what took immediate before and during the traumatic event

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18
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering that one had planned to do something at a particular time

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19
Q

effects of hypnosis

A

when under hypnosis, person can usually provide more details about a memory
but research has indicated that hypnosis tends to elicit more false memories than true ones
hypnotized person is more likely to reconstruct memories or use imagination to fill in the gaps
person tends to have a great deal of confidence in the accuracy of the memory
leading questions by therapist tend to alter memories - when given false information, hypnotized person likely to incorporate it into his or her memory

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20
Q

accuracy of long-term memory vs short-term memory and sensory memory

A

information in sensory memory and short-term memory is usually accurate

process of transferring the information into long-term memory and retrieving it later frequently distorts the original information
this distortion likely occurs because
1) LTM relies heavily on semantic (meaning) features
2) people frequently make inferences when hearing information or witnessing events
3) sources of information (where information was heard) less accurately filed than info itself (what was heard)

21
Q

eyewitness reports

A

researchers have repeatedly cautioned against the reliability of eyewitnesses
inaccurate memories commonly involve misidentifying innocent people in mugshots and lineups in staged crimes
people frequently report inaccurate memories with a high degree of confidece

22
Q

repressed memories

A

memory experts believe it is rare for people to first recover memories of early childhood abuse years after the abuse has taken place
it is possible to construct convincing false memories for events that never happened

23
Q

declarative memory

A

aka explicit memory
involves conscious recollection of information or experience
further divided into semantic and episodic memory

24
Q

semantic memory

A

memory of meanings of words, facts, and how they relate to each other

25
Q

episodic memory

A

refers to the capacity to recall autobiographic events, or when and where a specific event occurred

26
Q

procedural memory

A

aka implicit or nondeclarative memory
involves recollection of skills, physical operations, and procedures that are remembered automatically without conscious awareness
not stored with respect to specific times or places

27
Q

William Scoville’s operations on H.M.

A

bilaterally removed H.M.’s temporal lobes in an attempt to stop uncontrollable seizure activity
H.M. could still remember things from distant past and has normal short-term memory
developed complete anterograde amnesia (memory for events occurring after the surgery)
highlighted the critical role of the hippocampus in the consolidation of LTM
also strengthened belief that there is no single location for memory

28
Q

areas of brain involved with memory

A 
frontal lobe
temporal cortex
hippocampus
thalamus
mamillary bodies
basal forebrain
29
Q

NT involved with memory

A

Acetylcholine

30
Q

long-term potentiation

A

physiological process by which STM becomes LTM
believed that repeated stimulation of the synapse (e.g. through rehearsal) leads to chemical and structural changes in the dendrite of the receiving neuron, whereby this change results in increased sensitivity of the neuron to stimulation
research also suggests that changes in the dendrites associated with long-term potentiation involve enzymes called KINASES

31
Q

serial position effect

A

on immediate recall of word lists, people remember those words at the beginning and at the end of the list better than those in the middle
on delayed recall, words at the beginning of the list are remembered best, while those in the middle and those in the middle and at the end are remembered to an equivalent degree

32
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

impairment in acquiring new memories

33
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories for events that occurred before an injury or disease

34
Q

posttraumatic amnesia

A

loss of memory for events occurring a short time after a trauma

35
Q

paramnesia

A

distortion of memory and involves confabulation or the type of errors made when someone is attempting to reconstruct the past

36
Q

retrieval failure

A

occurs when information that has been stored in LTM cannot be retrieved or recovered
an example is the “tip of the tongue” phenomenon

37
Q

retroactive interference/inhibition

A

occurs when recently learned information interferes with the ability to recall material learned in the past
e.g. when reading this section on memory, have trouble remembering what you learned from physiological psychology lecture two months ago

38
Q

proactive interference/inhibition

A

occurs when previously learned material interferences with the ability to learn or recall current material
e.g. what you learned in physiological psychology two months ago is interfering with remembering the memory section you are currently studying

39
Q

decay

A

decay theory proposes that memory deteriorates with the passage of time
experimental support for this theory has been difficult to obtain because it is difficult to separate out the effects of decay from those of interference

40
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

tendency for people to remember material better when their emotional state matches the state they were in when they learned the material

41
Q

state-dependence memory

A

tendency for people to remember material better when they are in a state similar to the state they were in when the learning took place

42
Q

motivated forgetting

A

repression
developed by Freud
involves unconscious active blocking of painful or disturbing memories

43
Q

chunking

A

improves STM

involves combining separate items of information into meaningful units

44
Q

imagery and association

A

e.g. when memorizing pairs of words, an image can be used to provide a meaningful link between the two words

45
Q

recreation of context

A

mentally reviewing information associated with the material to be remembered
e.g. when trying to remember the hair color of first-grade teacher, remembering everything you can about your first-grade classroom, the teacher’s tone of voice, etc

46
Q

study strategies

A

distributed practice rather than massed practice

47
Q

mnemonics

A

method of loci
peg-word system
word associations
substitute word technique

48
Q

method of loci

A

forming a visual image of one’s list and putting each in a specific place as one mentally walks in a room
e.g. a person trying to recall a list of grocery items may initially picture bread on the front door, cereal in the kitchen, milk on the dining room table

49
Q

peg-word system

A

memorizing a set of ten visual images that can be pegs on which to hang ideas (e.g. one is a bun, two is a shoe…)

50
Q

word associations

A

involves forming words or sentences with the first letter of the items being memorized, or making up stories that connect the words together
e.g. RIASEC for holland’s occupational themes

51
Q

substitute word technique

A

person breaks down the word to be remembered into parts, and substitutes words that are more familiar and can be visualized
e.g. person who wants to memorize the word “catabolize” would break it into “cat”,” “a ball,” and “eyes” and then form a visual image of these words

Memory (1 decks)

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