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Psychology - Mr Farnan > Memory > Flashcards

Flashcards in Memory Deck (24)
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1
Q

Who found the capacity of short term memory?

A

GEORGE MILLER (1956) - looked at various studies into memory, including studies on how many musical notes people could remember, and found that the number was generally 5 to 9.

2
Q

Who investigated the duration of the short term memory?

A

PETERSON AND PETERSON (1959) - showed people trigrams and then asked them to recall them after different delays (3,6,9,12,15 and 18 seconds), during which the participants had to count backwards in threes. The recall was 80% after 3 seconds, 30% after 9 and only 10% after 18 seconds. This shows that the duration is between 18-30 seconds, which is surprisingly short.

3
Q

Who investigated the encoding of information in the short term memory?

A

BADDELEY (1966) - four types of work lists were presented to participants (acoustically similar and dissimilar and semantically similar and dissimilar). Each list had 10 words and they had to be recalled in the correct order. 75% correctly recalled acoustically dissimilar compared to 55% of the acoustically similar words. There was little difference in the semantical words.

4
Q

Who investigated the duration of the long term memory?

A

BAHRICK ET AL (1975) - tested the recall of real life information from 392 ex high school students. They were tested: names of former class mates, photo recognition of 50 photos, name recognition and name and photo matching. 90% after 14 years, 60% after 47 years and less than 20% for longer.

5
Q

Who investigated encoding in long term memory?

A

BABBELEY (1966) - same method as short term memory, but with a delay of 20 minutes in which another task was given to participants. It was found that semantically dissimilar words had a recall of 85%, but a 55% recall of semantically similar words, suggesting that words are encoded semantically.

6
Q

Which case study showed damage to long term memory?

A

HM (1953) - he was unable to form new long term memory. This suggests that the STM and LTM are separate.

7
Q

Which case study showed damage to the STM?

A

SHALLICE AND WARRINGTON (1974) - reported a case of KF who had damage to his STM following a motorcycle accident. He had a reduced recency effect.

8
Q

Who developed the working memory model?

A

BADDELEY AND HITCH (1974) - showed a more detailed model of STM.
Central executive
Visuo-special sketchpad⬅️episodic buffer➡️phonological loop
Long term memory

9
Q

Who provided evidence for the phonological loop?

A

BADDELEY ET AL (1975) - participants were given a list of 5 short words and 5 long words. They had to recall these in order. They found that more words were recalled correctly if they were shorter. They concluded that the ability for the inner voice to recall shorter words is greater than that for long words, because it doesn’t take as long to ‘say’ these words. This provides evidence for the idea that STM involves an inner voice.

10
Q

Who provided evidence that VSSP and phonological loop are separate?

A

PAULESU ET AL (1993) - participants’ brains were scanned during storing a series of letters or judging whether letters rhymed. They were injected with mildly radioactive glucose, to see what parts of the brain were used. It was found that both activities used different parts of the brain.

11
Q

Who found evidence for the interference theory of forgetting?

A

BADDELEY AND HITCH (1977) - participants were asked to remember who they were playing against. It was found that the number of teams they had to remember was more of a doctor in forgetting than the time passed between games.

12
Q

Who found evidence for the retrieval cue theory of forgetting?

A

GODDEN AND BADDELEY (1975) - used 16 divers and asked them to learn words either under water or on land, and then recall the words either where they had learned them or in the other place. It was found that the groups who were tested the words where they learned them recalled more.

13
Q

Who investigated whether anxiety in eyewitness testimony affected later identification?

A

LOFTUS (1979) - participants were exposed to two conditions-1. Overheard a low key discussion and a man left with a pen in grease covered hands. 2. Overheard a heated argument and glass breaking and a man left with a knife covered in blood. The participants were asked to identify the man from 50 photos. 49% recalled the confederate from the first condition. 33% recalled the confederate from the second condition.

14
Q

Who found evidence that EWT isn’t that unreliable?

A

CHRISTIANSON AND HUBINETTE (1993) - questioned the witnesses of 22 real bank robberies and compared those who had been directly threatened to those who had been bystanders. It was found that those who had been threatened directly could recall more about the robber than the bystanders.

15
Q

Who investigated the impact of leading questions?

A

LOFTUS AND PALMER (1974) - participants were shown a video of two cars colliding and asked to estimate how fast they were going with the wording of the question being altered. They were also asked, one week later, if they had seen broken glass at the scene (there was no glass). They gave faster estimates if they heard the word ‘smashed’ (mean being 41 mph), than words like ‘hit’ (mean being 34 mph), in addition, those who had heard the word ‘smashed’ were more likely to say they had seen glass. This shows that leading questions can alter memories.

16
Q

Who investigated the effect of post event discussion on the accuracy of EWT?

A

GABBERT ET AL (2003) - participants watched a video of a girl stealing a wallet. Half the participants watched the real footage, the other half didn’t see the physical act of the girl stealing the wallet. Participants were then paired up with those from the other group and asked to discuss the case and were asked whether they thought the girl was guilty. 71% claimed to have seen things they definately hadn’t. 60% believed the girl was guilty.

17
Q

How do we improve EWT through cognitive interviews?

A

Recreate the CONTEXT
REPORT every detail
Recall the event in a different ORDER
Report from different PERSPECTIVES

CROP

18
Q

Who investigated the effectiveness of the cognitive interview compared to the standard police interview?

A

GEISELMAN (1985) - two groups watched a video of a crime. Half were interviewed using the cognitive interview and the other were interviewed with the standard police interview. Those who were interviewed with the standard police interview remembered 50% less correct details than the cognitive interview group, however the number of incorrect details was the same across both groups.

19
Q

Who investigated the effectiveness of the cognitive interview in a real life situation?

A

FISHER (1989) - the performance of newly trained detectives (in the cognitive interview) when interviewing genuine witnesses to crimes were compared to pre-training levels. It was found that the information gain was as much as 47%.

20
Q

Who introduced the multi store model of memory and what is it?

A

ATKINSON AND SHRIFFRIN -

Incoming stimuli➡️sensory stores➡️short term memory➡️long term memory

21
Q

What are the types of long term memory?

A

SEMANTIC - general knowledge
EPISODIC - personal events and context
PROCEDURAL - performance of actions.

22
Q

Which case study showed a man with damage to the STM?

A

KF - had a reduced recency effect but could form LTM’s. This also shows how LTM and STM is separate.

23
Q

Evaluation of LTM

A

For
HM: had procedural but not semantic or episodic.
Brain scanning: episodic stored in hippocampus and frontal lobe, semantic in frontal lobe and procedural requires cerebellum and motor cortex.
Against
Over reliance on brain damaged patients: one area can’t be assumed to be responsible for a function if a part of the brain is damaged and a function lost.
Priming may be a 4th LTM: this is where you are programmed to think in a certain way (e.g. Advertisement or violent media). Your thinking may be altered without your explicit knowledge.

24
Q

What was HM diagnosed with?

A

Anterograde amnesia