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Flashcards in Medical Professionalisation Deck (29)
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1
Q

1737

A

Edinburgh Medical Society formed

2
Q

What does Jewson argue?

A

The C18th patronage system made medicine a commodity - increasing the power of patients

3
Q

What does Waddington argue of the C18th?

A

Patronage and status mattered more than skill

Unificiation of training did not equal a unified profession, but began to create a professional idenitity

4
Q

Pre-1815 division

A
Apothecaries
Surgeons
Physicians
(though surgeon-apothecaries existed)
However this apparent division did not reflect reality - most served as general practitioners
5
Q

Who were the physicians ruled by pre-1815?

A

Royal College of Physicians founded 1518

6
Q

When was a membership exam introduced for the Royal College of Physicians?

A

1860

had been founded in 1518

7
Q

Who were surgeons ruled by pre-1815?

A

Barber-Surgeons Company 1745

became Royal College of Surgeons of London in 1800

8
Q

How did the Royal College of Surgeons of London assess membership?

A

Had to have completed an apprenticeship

Had to have attended at least one anatomy and one surgery lecture session

9
Q

How were apothecaries assessed pre-1815?

A

Society of Apocatheries in London established 1617

Oral examination and apprenticeships required

10
Q

How did King James distinguish apothecaries from grocers

A

Grocers were “unskilful” - unlike apothecaries

11
Q

What did the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 cause?

A

Return of military surgeons - more competition

12
Q

What were the disadvantages of apprenticeships?

A

Variable training standards and length, not standardized curriculum

13
Q

What did Thomas Percival publish in the C18th

A

‘Medical Ethics’ - meant to negotiate interprofessional disputes

14
Q

Apothecaries Act 1815

A

Examinations introduced (though inefficient)
6 months hospital experience required
5 year apprenticeship made standard
Need to provide reference for moral character as well as education
License of the Society of Apothecaries needed to dispense
Compulsory attendance @ at least one lecture series
Aimed to privilege them over druggists?

15
Q

What was medical training generally by the mid-1840s?

A

Medical course generally 4 years

Apothecary course generally 3 years

16
Q

What did Justice Park argue in 1828?

A

That the Apothecaries Act was intended to keep the separation between the functions of surgeons, physicians, and apothecaries

17
Q

When was the British Medical Association founded?

A

1856

18
Q

When was the British Medical Act?

A

1858

19
Q

What did the 1858 Medical Act (Britain) do?

A
Established Register (publically available)
Arranged to publish Pharmacopeia (in Latin though - inaccessible except for educated)
Qualification regulation (NOT unification)
Disciplinary code established (problematic; restrictions undefined)
Sought to abolish geographic restrictions on practice (influence of geographic mobility?)
General Medical Council established
20
Q

What did the 1858 Medical Act (Britain) NOT do?

A

Make unqualified practice illegal - free market
Unify or standardize qualifications
Amalgamate/standardize universities and qualifications
Professional self-regulation remained

21
Q

What effects did the 1858 Act ahve?

A

Minimal growth in number of registered medical practitioners relative to population growth
Increased earnings and status of medical practitioners
Foucault: exemplified evolution of knowledge into power?

22
Q

How does Foucault’s theory of power relations apply to the standardization of medical practice?

A

Exemplifies the evolution of knowledge into a source of power

23
Q

What does Parry argue about the 1858 Medical Act?

A

Meant to create status and upward mobility for doctors, not protect patients or unify profession

24
Q

When did the Lancet argue that medics were not wealthy?

A

1830

25
Q

What did the rise of hospital medicine mean?

A

Charitable basis - reduction in free will and choice of the patient (especially by NHS)
By C19th, hospital training generally standard for medical men
Status of and trust in doctors rose (Waddington)

26
Q

What is an effect of increasing state liscensing?

A

Reducing professional competition

27
Q

What did Voltaire publish?

A

C18th satire against doctors

28
Q

What did new developments in the 1950s cause, according to Ivan Waddington?

A

Increased medical prestige

29
Q

What showed the 1960s/70s distrust of medicine?

A

Shows such as MAS*H, movies such as One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest