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BIOL 472 > Mammalian Physiology Final > Flashcards

Mammalian Physiology Final Flashcards

1
Q

Does thyroid gland control involve a hypothalamic-pituitary-gland axis?

A

Yes, it is part of the neuroendocrine system and involves negative feedback.

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2
Q

What hormones are at each part of the HPT-axis?

A

Hypothalamus = TRH causing the release of TSH from Pituitary gland followed by the production of T3 + T4 in the Thyroid

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3
Q

What are the important functions of T3 and T4?

A

They are involved in nearly all homeostatic activity of the body (heart rate, body temperature, growth, metabolism, etc)

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4
Q

What causes the release of T3 and T4 into the rest of the body?

A

TSH

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5
Q

Thyroglobin

A

A protein produced by the follicular cells that make up half of the protein content in the thyroid gland, it remains in the gland and is used to produce T3 and T4, it is also important for the storage of iodine which covalently bonds to tyrosine

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6
Q

Colloid

A

Contains thyroglobin and is responsible for creating the enzymes that release the thyroid hormones

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7
Q

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating-Hormone)

A

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of T4 and converts it to T3 to activate metabolism (80% of which happens in the liver) it is part of a negative feedback loop so when T3 and T4 are low it increases production and vice versa

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8
Q

TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing-Hormone)

A

A hormone produced by the Hypothalamus that regulates the formation of TSH, it is short-lived, it can also stimulate the release of prolactin

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9
Q

Prolactin

A

A hormone produced in the pituitary gland, it is made in the pituitary gland

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10
Q

Why is iodine important to T3 and T4?

A

The thyroid converts iodine, they are the only cells in the body that can absorb iodine, iodine + tyrosine = T3 and T4

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11
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Too much T3 and T4 are produced and can cause huge problems with every organ and bit of development/homeostatic activity due to rapid unneeded metabolism

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12
Q

Thyroid-binding globulin

A

Globulin (protein) that makes thyroid hormones, transporter protein responsible for carrying T3 and T4

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13
Q

Goiter

A

Inflammation of the thyroid caused by a lack of dietary iodine (hypothyroidism)

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14
Q

Myxedema

A

An extreme form of hypothyroidism that results in super puffy swollen skin

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15
Q

Cretinism

A

A rare form of hypothyroidism that affects an infant and child resulting from a lack of maternal iodine

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16
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Bulging of the eyes that results in one rolling out of orbit (Marty Feldman)

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17
Q

C-Cells

A

Neuroendocrine cells that secrete calcitonin

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18
Q

Calcitonin

A

A hormone that regulates the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood which opposes the action of the parathyroid gland

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19
Q

Parathyroid gland (4)

A

Control calcium levels and it makes PTH which helps to release calcium from your bones when you need it and helps with vitamin D levels

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20
Q

Hypothalamus trophic hormones

A

regulate the anterior pituitary gland

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21
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland

A

Has 4 trophic hormones:

  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. FSH
  4. LH

these regulate other endocrine glands plus prolactin and GH (growth hormone)

22
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone; important to the HPA-axis and produced in response to stress, regulates levels of cortisol

23
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone; essential to puberty, important to the growth of female ovary follicles

24
Q

LH

A

Involved in ovulation, stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone and is synergistic with FSH

25
Q

GH

A

somatotropin; stimulates growth of essentially all tissues in the body

26
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

neuroendocrine hormones; oxytocin for milk ejection, Vasopressin for renal H2O recovery

27
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Regulation of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and more aspects of calcium homeostasis

28
Q

Thymus gland

A

maturation of thymus-dependent lymphocytes

29
Q

Endocrine Pancreas

A

blood glucose balance and tissue uptake of glucose

30
Q

Adrenal gland/ cortex

A

mineral balance - mineralcoritocids, 1^0 aldosterone (stress protection) - glucocorticoids, 1^0 cortisol sex steroids - mainly androgen

31
Q

Adrenal gland/ medulla

A

catecholamines with sympathetic nerve functions

32
Q

Gonadal endocrine function

A

production of steroid hormones allowing for development of secondary sex hormones

33
Q

Gonadal exocrine function

A

production of gametes (sperm and eggs) and deliver them to the outside of the body through tubes and ducts

34
Q

Pineal gland

A

circadian rhythms, possibly timing of puberty

35
Q

endocrine function of heart

A

release of certain hormones to raise and lower blood pressure

36
Q

endocrine function of skin

A

activates and deactivates many metabolic hormones, involved in insulin secretion and other homeostatic activity

37
Q

endocrine function of the kidney

A

create erythropoietin, calcitriol and renin

38
Q

erythropoietin

A

key role in production of red blood cells carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

39
Q

calcitriol

A

regulates levels of calcium and phosphorus and mineralization of bone

40
Q

renin

A

involved in angiotensin production, regulates extracellular fluid levels and atrial vasoconstriction

41
Q

endocrine function of liver

A

involved in insulin regulation and body growth

42
Q

endocrine function of the placenta

A

acts as an endocrine organ, produces hormones important to fetal growth, also helps the mother to support the baby during pregnancy

43
Q

mucus/mucous

A

mucus is secreted by mucous membranes, mucus is a slimy substance used for lubrication and protection

44
Q

villus/villi

A

finger-like projections of the intestinal surface of the small intestine that transport materials to the bloodstream (nutrient absorption)

45
Q

emulsify

A

assisted by the action of bile salts, this is the process of breaking down materials such as fat molecules into tiny droplets suspended in liquid

46
Q

bolus

A

a mass (usually as a ball of food usually at the moment of swallowing)

47
Q

proximal tubule

A

initial segment of the kidney tubule where most reabsorption takes place

48
Q

proximal

A

situated near the center of the body or point of attachment

49
Q

distal nephron

A

the distal tubule and collecting duct

50
Q

distal

A

away from the center of the body or point of attachment

51
Q

peritoneum

A

a membrane that lines the abdomen

BIOL 472 (1 decks)

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