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Endo / Repro > Male Genital Path (Pathoma and Baby Robbins) > Flashcards

Male Genital Path (Pathoma and Baby Robbins) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hypospadias and how is it formed?

A

Peeing out of the bottom of the penis. Failure of the urethral folds to close.

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2
Q

What is epispadias, how does it form, and what other deformity is it associated with?

A

Peeing out of the top of the penis due to abnormal position of the genital tubercle - bladder exstrophy

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3
Q

What is a condyloma acuminatum?

A

Genital warts

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4
Q

What is the causative agent of condyloma acuminatum?

A

HPV 6 or 11

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5
Q

Name for raisin like nuclei and in what male path is it found?

A

koilocytic change - condyloma acuminatum

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6
Q

What is the medical name for swollen inguinal lymph nodes and lymphatics?

A

Lymphogranuloma Venerum

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7
Q

What is the causative agent of lymphogranuloma Venerum?

A

Chlamydia thrachomatis (L1-L3)

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8
Q

What is the primary risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?

A

HPV 16, 18, 31, 33

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9
Q

What disease is associated with lack of circumcision?

A

Squamous CC

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10
Q

Older male patient with leukoplakia on the shaft of his penis?

A

Bowen disease

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11
Q

Younger patient with multiple reddish papillose on his penis?

A

Bowenoid papulosis

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12
Q

What are the three precursor in situ lesions of penile squamous cc?

A

Bowen disease, Erythroplasia of Queyrat, Bowenoid papulosis

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13
Q

What is the most common congenital male repro abnormality?

A

Cryptorchidism

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14
Q

What are the two main complications of cryptorchidism (failure of testis to descend)?

A

Atrophy, seminoma

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15
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Inflammation of the testicle

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16
Q

What are the main causative agents in orchitis in the young adult, old adult and teenager?

A

Young: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Older: E coli, Pseudomonas
Teen: Mumps

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17
Q

Inflamed testicle that has granulomas in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Autoimmune orchitis

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of testicular torsion?

A

Failure of the testis to fuse with the scrotum (processes vaginalis)

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19
Q

Man complains of scrotal swelling and it looking like a bag of worms? What side is most likely affected?

A

Varicocele

Left side due to venous drainage be more complicated

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20
Q

How can one differentiate between torsion and hydrocele?

A

Hydrocele can be transilluminated

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21
Q

How can one differentiate between a benign and serous issue with a testicle (3 things)?

A

Tumors are firm and painless and not able to be transilluminated

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22
Q

What is the most common type of testicular tumor?

A

Seminoma

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23
Q

What is the prognosis of a Seminoma?

A

Good, met late and responsive to radiotherapy

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24
Q

How can one differentiate between a seminoma and a embryonal carcinoma?

A

Seminoma is not hemorrhagic and is homogenous

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25
Q

What is a unique complication of embryonal carcinoma when exposed to chemotherapy?

A

It may differentiate into another kind of tumor.

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26
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor in children (

A

Yolk sac tumor

27
Q

What is a Schiller-Duval body and in what condition is it seen?

A

Glomerulus-like structure seen on histology of a yolk sac tumor.

28
Q

What testicular cancer can be mimic hyperthyroidism and by what mechanism dose it act?

A

Choriocarcinoma releases B-hCG, which can act like TSH hormones.

29
Q

What is a teratoma and how is it unique in males?

A

It is a malignant tumor in males that is made up of 2 or 3 embyological layers.

30
Q

What is the prognosis of a sex-cord stream tumor?

A

Good - usually benign

31
Q

What cell type is involved in a sex cord-stomal tumor if Reinke crystals are noted on histology and complications related to it?

A

Leydig cells produce DHT via 5a-reductase and will result in precocious puberty in the young and gynecomastia in older males.

32
Q

What is the result of a sertoli cell tumor?

A

Clinically silent

33
Q

How can one differentiate between a sertoli and leydig cell tumor?

A

Sertoli cells are in the stroma, while leydig cells surround the stroma.

34
Q

65 y.o. male with bilateral testicular masses. What is the most likely cause?

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

35
Q

Diagnosis and causal organism of a 24 year old sexually promiscuous male with tender and boggy prostate, fevers, and chills? What if it is a 60 year old male?

A

Acute prostatitis
Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae
E. coli or Pseudamonas

36
Q

How can one differentiate between acute and chronic prostatitis?

A

Acute: secretions with WBC + culture +
Chronic: WBC +, Culture -, back or pelvic pain

37
Q

What is the pathophysiology of BPH?

A

Excess DHT conversion by 5a-reductase in stream cells –> hyper plastic nodules

38
Q

What are the complications of BPH?

A

difficult urination, Infection and hydronephrosis

NOT CANCER

39
Q

What does BPH cause urinary hesitancy early while adenocarcinoma causes it late?

A

DHT is made in the periurithral region

Cancer usually happens in the posterior (easier to detect early via DRE)

40
Q

What are the PSA levels in BPH?

A
41
Q

What is the most common cancer in men?

A

Prostate Adenocarcinoma

42
Q

What are two risk factors associated with Prostate Adenocarcinoma?

A

High saturated fat, A.A > Cauc > Asian

43
Q

What level of PSA is indicative of PA (2 markers)?

A

> 10, decreased % of free PSA

44
Q

What is expected on histology of a prostate adenocarcinoma?

A

Prominent Nucleoli, with invasive glands

45
Q

How is PA graded?

A

Architecture of two spots (1 - 10), 10 being worst

46
Q

What are common sites of mets in PA?

A

Lumbar spine or pelvis

47
Q

What is unique about PA mets?

A

Primary may appear small, while mets are large

48
Q

What is the most common cause of urinary bladder diverticula?

A

Urethral obstruction

49
Q

What are the complications a/w bladder diverticula?

A

Recurrent infection (from stasis) and advanced cancer

50
Q

What is the cause of exstrophy?

A

Failure of proper development of the abdominal wall

51
Q

What is the underlying reason for a kid who pees out of his belly button?

A

Vesicoureteral reflux: fistula forms between the bladder and umbilicus due to a failure of the urachal to obliterate during development

52
Q

What is the most serous complication a/w a tracheal cyst?

A

Increased incidence of adenocarcinoma

53
Q

What is unique about histological findings of interstitial cystitis?

A

Mast cells of unknown significance

54
Q

What are Michaelis-Gutmann bodies?

A

Calcification of lysosomes of macrophages. Found in malacoplakia

55
Q

What are the classic signs of cystitis?

A

Lower abdominal pain, dysuria, and urinary frequency

56
Q

What is the most common form of bladder metaplasia that arrises post injury?

A

Squamous metaplasia

57
Q

What cell type is the most common in bladder cancer?

A

Epithelial

58
Q

What is the major determinant in malignancy of bladder cancer?

A

Detrusor muscle involvement

59
Q

What characteristic of a tumor will determine its ability to metastasize?

A

Discohesion

60
Q

What is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer?

A

Smoking

61
Q

What chromosomal abnormalities are associated with bladder cancer?

A 
Chromosome 9 deletions (p15 and p16 genes)
Chrom 15 (p53)
62
Q

Which is more worrisome, papillary or flat lesions?

A

Flat, by far

63
Q

What are the most common causes of non-gonococcal urethritis?

A

Non - Gonococcal in young men (STI): Chlamydia

E. coli in older pt (UTI)

64
Q

What is the Reiter triad?

A

Urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis

Endo / Repro (15 decks)

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