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Flashcards in Logic Deck (23)
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1
Q

proposition

A

an assertion (statement) that either is true or false

2
Q

argument

A

a set of propositions in which one is claimed to follow from another or others.

3
Q

inference

A

a process by which one proposition is arrived at and affirmed on the basis of some other proposition or propositions.

4
Q

premise(s)

A

the propositions upon which inference is based.

5
Q

conclusion

A

the proposition to which the other propositions in the argument are claimed to give support.

6
Q

deductive argument

A

an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to follow necessarily from the premises such that accepting the premises forces one to accept the conclusion on pain of contradiction.

7
Q

valid deductive argument

A

an argument in which the conclusion DOES FOLLOW necessarily from the premise or premises as claimed.

8
Q

invalid deductive argument

A

an argument in which the conclusion DOES NOT FOLLOW necessarily from the premise or premises as claimed.

9
Q

sound deductive argument

A

an argument that possesses valid logical form AND true premises.

10
Q

logic

A

the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.

11
Q

quantity

A

an attribute of every categorical proposition, refers to either ALL members or only SOME members of the class designated by the subject term; either universal or particular.

12
Q

copula

A

any form of the verb TO BE that connects the subject term and the predicate term in a categorical proposition.

13
Q

quality

A

an attribute of every categorical proposition, affirms or denies class inclusion; either affirmative or negative.

14
Q

distribution

A

an attribute that describes the relationship between a categorical proposition and each one of its terms, whether (D) or not (U) the proposition makes a statement about every member of the class of a given term.

15
Q

classical logic

A

traditional account of syllogistic reasoning, in which certain interpretations of cat props are presupposed.

16
Q

class

A

the collection of all objects that have some specified characteristic in common.

17
Q

categorical proposition

A

a proposition that can be analyzed as being about classes, or categories, affirming or denying that one class (S) is included in some other class (P) in whole or in part.

18
Q

standard-from categorical proposition

A

A- All S is P Universal positive
E- No S is P Universal negative
I- Some S is P Particular affirmative
O- Some S is not P Particular negative

19
Q

A

A

All S is P, Universal positive, D/U

All lawyers are wealthy people.

20
Q

E

A

No S is P, Universal negative, D/D

No criminals are good citizens.

21
Q

I

A

Some S is P, Particular affirmative, U/U

Some chemicals are poisons.

22
Q

O

A

Some S is not P, Particular negative, U/D

Some insects are not pests.

23
Q

Organon

A

posthumous collection of Aristotle, meaning the “instrument,” the fundamental tool of knowledge.