Lifespan (Attachment, Emotion, Moral Development) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lifespan (Attachment, Emotion, Moral Development) Deck (22)
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1
Q

Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys found that ______ is more important for attachment than oral gratification

A

contact comfort

2
Q

Bowlby proposed that there is a ______ period for attachment and that, as a result of their experiences during this period, children develop an ______ model that influences their future relationships

A

critical; internal working

3
Q

By about _____ months of age, children’s attachment behaviours are directed primarily toward primary caregivers.

A

6-7

4
Q

Most babies exhibit separation anxiety by 6 to 8 months of age; and this is followed, at 8-10 months, by ______ anxiety

A

stranger

5
Q

In the strange situation, a(n) ______ attached youngster is upset by his mother’s absence and actively seeks her comfort when she returns. In contrast, a(n) ______ child shows little distress when his mother leaves and may ignore her when she returns

A

securely; insecure/avoidant

6
Q

About 80% of infants who have been mistreated by their caregivers exhibit a(n) ______ attachment pattern

A

resistant/ambivalent

7
Q

Children separated from their primary caregiver prior to _____ of age usually show few negative consequences, while those who are ____ of age or older often exhibit disturbances in feeding and sleep, social withdrawal, and either physical rejection of the new caregiver or excessive clinging

A

three months; nine months

8
Q

Research on the intergenerational effects of attachment has found that parents who are categorized as dismissing on the AAI are most likely to have children who exhibit a(n) _____ attachment pattern in the strange situation, while those who are categorized as preoccupied are most likely to have children with a(n) _______ attachment pattern

A

avoidant; resistant/ambivalent

9
Q

Babies usually express the _____ emotions of interest, sadness, disgust, and distress soon after birth and the self-conscious emotions of jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment by ___ months of age

A

basic; 18-24

10
Q

Patterson and his colleagues attribute high levels of aggressiveness in children to _____ interactions between children and their parents and poor _____ of children’s activities and have have developed the Oregon model of ________ that involves teaching parents effective parenting skills

A

coercive; parental monitoring; parent management training

11
Q

Aggressive behaviour has also been linked to several social-cognitive factors including a ______ bias, which is the tendency to interpret the positive or ambiguous actions of others as intentionally hostile

A

hostile attribution

12
Q

Piaget’s theory of moral development distinguishes between heteronomous and autonomous stages of morality. In the former, moral judgements are based primarily on that act’s ______; in the latter, the actors’ ______

A

consequences; intentions

13
Q

Kholberg’s theory of moral development predicts a universal, invariant sequence of three levels: at the ______ level, moral judgments are based on the desire to avoid punishment or obtain rewards. This is followed by the _______ level, in which judgements are contingent on social approval or rules and laws established by legitimate authorities. Finally, at the ______ level, moral judgements are based on democratically-determined laws or universal principles

A

preconventional; conventional; postconventional

14
Q

Gilligan criticized Kholberg’s theory on the ground that it applies to males who focus on justice and ______ when making moral judgements than to females who focus more on caring and responsibility to others

A

individual rights

15
Q

A child in Piaget’s autonomous stage of moral development will base his judgment of whether an act is “right” or “wrong” primarily on:

A

the actor’s intentions

16
Q

At approximately ____ months of age, babies begin to show outward signs of jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment.

A

18 to 24

17
Q

Child abuse and neglect are most associated with which of the following attachment patterns?

A

disorganized or disoriented

18
Q

During Kohlberg’s postconventional stage, moral judgments are based on:

A

democratically determined laws or universal ethical principles.

19
Q

Harlow and Zimmerman’s (1959) study of attachment in rhesus monkeys indicated that _______________ is the critical variable in mother-infant attachment.

A

contact comfort

20
Q

If you are developing an intervention to reduce aggressiveness in children and you are basing it on the work of G. R. Patterson and his colleagues (1992), a primary component of the intervention will be:

A

training parents in child management skills.

21
Q

Research using the “strange situation” found that, after being left by her mother with a stranger, a baby exhibiting insecure or avoidant attachment:

A

ignores her mother when she returns

22
Q

Separation from her mother is likely to have the fewest negative consequences for a baby if it occurs when the baby is between ______ months of age.

A

0 and 3

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