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Flashcards in Lesson 7 Deck (25)
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1
Q

What is the role of complement in the immune response?

It is only involved in non specific immunity

It can be produced by one of three pathways; classical, alternative and antigenic

It enhances both innate and adaptive defenses

It is a chemical that circulates only when foreign invaders are present

It is released when the antibody titer reaches a minimum quantity

A

It enhances both innate and adaptive defenses

2
Q

Which of the following are considered the first line of defense against foreign invaders?

circulating white blood cells

ability of the body to recognize non-self antigens

skin and mucosa

the relatively small blood supply to the skin

phagocytes

A

skin and mucosa

3
Q

Which of the following describes natural killer cells?

they can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

they are also called cytotoxic T cells

they are cells of the specific immune system

the are a type of phagocyte

they produce antibodies

A

they can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

4
Q

Which of the following represents phagocytes?

macrophages release defensins during their attack

Kupffer cells are a type of neutrophil

Respiratory burst is associated with eosinophil phagocytosis

Phagocytes cannot leave the capillaries

Neutrophils themselves may be destroyed in the phagocytic process

A

Neutrophils themselves may be destroyed in the phagocytic process

5
Q

What is opsonization?

when chemicals released by injured tissue attract phagocytes to the injured area

when complement coats a microbe and provides binding sites for phagocytes to engulf the invader

the release of pyrogens by certain infected cells which results in fever

the release of histamine by mast cells resulting in an enhanced inflammation

the neutralization of antigens by antibodies

A

when complement coats a microbe and provides binding sites for phagocytes to engulf the invader

6
Q

Which of the following is true of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissue with connective tissue

produces antibodies to fight invading microbes

prevents the spread of an infectious agent to nearby tissues

pyrogens are released to increase the body temperature

vasoconstriction reduces blood flow in order to decrease spread of infection

A

prevents the spread of an infectious agent to nearby tissues

7
Q

What is the role of cell adhesion molecules in the inflammatory response?

They activate complement

They cause neutrophils to adhere to the injured site allowing them to squeeze through capillary walls

They engulf and destroy foreign microbes

They cause foreign microbes to lyse

They increase the blood supply in the injured area therefore increasing

the number of white blood cells available to fight the pathogen

A

They cause neutrophils to adhere to the injured site allowing them to squeeze through capillary walls

8
Q

Which of the following are associated with inflammation?

edema is a result of excess body fluid in the area

fever

histamine release is enhanced

only lymphocytes are actively involved in the inflammatory response

it is a specific immune response

A

edema is a result of excess body fluid in the area

9
Q

Which of the following factors determines which specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist?

a person’s overall health

the type of antigen presented

a person’s ability to produce memory cells

enzymes present in the circulation at the time of invasion

a person’s genes

A

a person’s genes

10
Q

Which of the following responses would be considered a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

anaphylaxis

cytotoxic hypersensitivity

autoimmune disease

allergic contact dermatitis

immune-complex hypersensitivity

A

allergic contact dermatitis

11
Q

Which of the following describes antigens?

incomplete antigens are the same as “self-antigens”

only small antigens are capable of exhibiting reactivity

the largest type of antigen is called a hapten

One antigen can have different antigenic determinants and can cause more than one type of antibody to be produced

There are a limited number of antigens to which the body can respond

A

One antigen can have different antigenic determinants and can cause more than one type of antibody to be produced

12
Q

Which of the following describes the antigen-antibody complex?

Formation of the antigen-antibody complex destroys the antigen

Antibodies only have one binding site so destruction relies on enough antibodies to bind to each antigen site

When antibodies attach to antigens, they can change shape and expose complement binding sites

Antibodies attach to antigens and cause immediate lyses of those infected

cells

Neutralization is the only mechanism in which antibodies can deactivate

the antigen

A

When antibodies attach to antigens, they can change shape and expose complement binding sites

13
Q

What is a hapten?

small molecule that binds with self proteins to produce antigenic substances

substance normally in the circulation that becomes activated by the presence of foreign microbes

gamma globulin produced by plasma cells

substance released from most lymphocytes that enhances the inflammatory response

substance produced by infected cells that interferes with viral replication

A

small molecule that binds with self proteins to produce antigenic substances

14
Q

Which of the following represents lymphocytes?

Natural killer cells suppress the action of cytotoxic T cells

Helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide and differentiate

Cytotoxic T cells produce plasma cells

B cells directly attack and destroy infected cells

B cells secrete interferon

A

Helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide and differentiate

15
Q

Which of the following describes T cells?

they originate in the thymus

they are primarily involved in humoral immunity

some are called memory cells

they become immunocompetent in the lymph nodes

they are the only lymphocyte involved in specific immunity

A

some are called memory cells

16
Q

Which of the following is the only T cell population that can directly attack and kill cells?

plasma cells

natural killer cells

helper cells

suppressor cells

cytotoxic cells

A

cytotoxic cells

17
Q

Which of the following describes immunocompetence?

It requires exposure to an antigen

It occurs in one specific organ of the immune system

It is the ability of a cell to survive an encounter with a pathogen

It is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

It is the ability of a cell to present fragments of antigens on their own surface

A

It is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

18
Q

Which of the following substances is released by macrophages and activates further T cell proliferation?

Gamma globulin

Antigens

IgM antibodies

Interleukin 1

C-reactive protein

A

Interleukin 1

19
Q

Which of the following is associated with humoral immunity?

phagocytosis of infectious organisms

opsinization

production of antibodies to specific antigens

T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus

Cytokines released by cells enhance cell mediated immunity

A

production of antibodies to specific antigens

20
Q

Which of the following correctly compares active and passive immunity?

passive immunity involves the process of immune memory

both active and passive humoral immunity are specific immunity that uses antibody production

a vaccination is an example of passive immunity

active immunity involves the injection of antibodies produced in another organism

passive immunity requires exposure to an antigen

A

both active and passive humoral immunity are specific immunity that uses antibody production

21
Q

What type of immunity is expressed when a baby receives an immunization such as the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella)?

artificially acquired active immunity

artificially acquired passive immunity

naturally acquired active immunity

naturally acquired passive immunity

artificially acquired immunity that is both active and passive

A

artificially acquired active immunity

22
Q

What classification of antibodies causes cells to release histamine and create an allergic reaction?

IgG

IgM

IgE

IgA

IgB

A

IgE

23
Q

What kind of bond holds the heavy and light chains together in an antibody?

hydrogen bonds

dioxide bonds

ionic bonds

disulfide bonds

amino acid bonds

A

disulfide bonds

24
Q

What substance is responsible for selecting the cell that will be cloned in the clonal selection of B cells?

lymphocyte

antibody

antigen

phagocyte

interferon

A

antigen

25
Q

Which of the following is true of clonal selection of T cells?

occurs during fetal development

involves recognition of an antigen and an MHC protein of a body cell

only occurs upon a second exposure to the antigen

cannot occur in the presence of antigens

is the same mechanism as the clonal selection of B cells

A

involves recognition of an antigen and an MHC protein of a body cell