Lesson 5 (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Occurs when the proteins are altered by genetic mutation and selection
- can store and express viruses at a later time

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2
Q

What can viruses accumulate? What does it allow?

A
  1. Accumulates gene mutations

2. Allows them to change antibody binding sites

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3
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Occurs when two or more different strains of a virus or when two completely different viruses share RNA leading to a new mix of surface antigens from the original strains of viruses

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4
Q

Where can antigens (viruses) proliferate?

A

Inside the cell

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5
Q

Where do viruses need to be in order to reproduce?

A

Inside the same cell at the same time

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6
Q

How does WHO predict where the flu will be?

A

They look at where it was the previous year and its patterns and where is was moving

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7
Q

When do seasonal epidemic pandemics occur?

A

Mainly in the winter

- except in the tropical regions where the “season” is year round

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8
Q

Who is effected by epidemics/pandemics?

A

Everyone

- especially health care workers

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9
Q

Why are health care workers more effected by epidemics/pandemics? (4)

A
  1. Commonly exposed
  2. Shift workers
  3. Effected by sleep
    - which effects the immune system
  4. Eat poorly
    - dont have a ton of time
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10
Q

Who are more susceptible to epidemics/pandemics? (6)

A
  1. Children less than 5 years old
  2. The elderly
  3. Pregnant women
  4. People with chronic medical conditions
  5. People undergoing chemotherapy
  6. People with compromised immune function
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11
Q

Why are children under 5 years old more susceptible to disease? (2)

A
  1. Havent been exposed to much
    - no imminities
  2. Underdeveloped immune system
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12
Q

Why is the elderly effected by the immune system?

A

Slower to react

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13
Q

When is a slower reaction rate to a disease a good thing?

A

Dont get the fatal symptoms

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14
Q

Why are pregnant women susceptible to disease? (3)

A
  1. Blood pressure is working overtime
  2. Baby needs to feed also
    - not as much nutrients
  3. Lack of sleep
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15
Q

What is being looked at when classifying a virus?

A

Outside the cell

- even though the interior could be different

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16
Q

How many Influenza phases are there?

A

8

17
Q

What are the Influenza phases? (5)

A
  1. Phase 1-3
  2. Phase 4
  3. Phase 5-6
  4. Post peak
  5. Post pandemic
18
Q

Who is predominantly effected in phases 1-3?

A

Animals

- few humans are infected

19
Q

What happens in phase 4?

A

Sustain human to human transmission

20
Q

What happens in phase 5-6?

A

Widespread of human infection

- pandemic

21
Q

What happens in the post peak phase?

A

Possibility of recurrent events

- but on the decline

22
Q

What happens in post pandemic phase?

A

Disease activity at seasonal levels

- back to normal

23
Q

What strains are covered in each years vaccine? (3)

A
  1. Influenza A (H1N1)
  2. Influenza A (H3N2)
  3. Influenza B (one or two strains)
24
Q

What does the flu vaccine protect us against?

A

Protects us against flu viruses that are the same or related to the viruses in the vaccine

25
Q

What are common signs and symptoms of Influenza? (7)

A
  1. Fever
  2. Chills and sweats
  3. Aching muscles
  4. Headaches
  5. Dry persistent cough
  6. Fatigue and weakness
  7. Respiratory symptoms
    - sore throat, sneezing or congestion (sometimes)
26
Q

How long is the recovery period for Influenza?

A

2-7 days

27
Q

What is the recommended time period to stay home when you have the flu?

A

7 days in isolation

28
Q

How is the symptom onset for Influenza?

A

Abrupt

29
Q

What are the symptoms for a cold? (9)

A
  1. Fever
    - rare
  2. Aches
    - slight
  3. Chills
    - uncommon
  4. Fatigue and weakness
    - sometimes
  5. Sneezing
  6. Stuffy nose
  7. Sore throat
  8. Couching
  9. Headache
    - rare
30
Q

How is H1N1 spread?

A

Airborne

31
Q

How are most flus spread? (2)

A
  1. Contact
    - direct/indirect with mucous membrane from a surface
  2. Droplet
    - coughs or sneezes
32
Q

What does the mucous membrane line?

A

Tracts that are open to the exterior

33
Q

What are 2 examples of a mucous membrane?

A
  1. Digestive tract

2. Respiratory tract

34
Q

What is an example of direct contact?

A

Kissing

35
Q

What is an example of indirect contact? (2)

A
  1. Sneezing in your hand and shaking someones hand

2. Putting a spoon in your mouth and then having someone to the same