Lesson 4.3 - The Efficiency and Regulation of Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Define Metabolic Rate

Answer 1

The amount of energy that is expended per unit time in an organism.

Question 2

What is the amount of energy that is expended per unit time in an organism known as?

Answer 2

Metabolic Rate

Question 3

Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 3

The metabolic rate of an organism at rest.

Question 4

What is the metabolic rate of an organism at rest known as?

Answer 4

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Question 5

Aerobic cellular respiration produces a maximum of _____ ATP per glucose molecule and has a maximum efficiency of about 41%.

Answer 5

Aerobic cellular respiration produces a maximum of 38 ATP per glucose molecule and has a maximum efficiency of about 41%.

Question 6

_____ phosphate can act as a quick but short-term source of energy in cells.

Answer 6

Creatine phosphate can act as a quick but short-term source of energy in cells.

Question 7

_____ respiration is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms and is able to remain flexible and responsive to changing cellular demands for ATP.

Answer 7

Cellular respiration is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms and is able to remain flexible and responsive to changing cellular demands for ATP.

Question 8

_____ rate and basal _____ rate vary, based on changes in growth, development, age, health, and gender.

Answer 8

Metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate vary, based on changes in growth, development, age, health, and gender.

Question 9

The overall rate of aerobic cellular respiration is often measured by the rate of _____ consumption.

Answer 9

The overall rate of aerobic cellular respiration is often measured by the rate of oxygen consumption.

Question 10

Reactions leading from glycolysis through pyruvate oxidation are used to oxidize the glucose, other carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins that enter the cellular respiratory pathway.

Answer 10

Reactions leading from glycolysis through pyruvate oxidation are used to oxidize the glucose, other carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins that enter the cellular respiratory pathway. (sorry there’s really nothing good to blank out on this one just like read it and stuff)

Question 11

Due to the significant mass of water bonded to them, _____ are heavier than lipids to carry around as fuel.

Answer 11

Due to the significant mass of water bonded to them, carbohydrates are heavier than lipids to carry around as fuel.

Question 12

Many important molecules are synthesized from the intermediate chemicals produced during _____ and the citric acid cycle.

Answer 12

Many important molecules are synthesized from the intermediate chemicals produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Question 13

Define Beta-Oxidation

Answer 13

A process in which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA through catabolism.

Question 14

What is a process in which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA through catabolism known as?

Answer 14

Beta-Oxidation

Question 15

The efficiency of cellular respiration is about _____ of the energy in one glucoe molecule. The rest of the potential energy from glucose is dissipated as _____ energy.

Answer 15

The efficiency of cellular respiration is about 41% of the energy in one glucoe molecule. The rest of the potential energy from glucose is dissipated as thermal energy.

Question 16

Some cells, such as muscle and brain, have high energy demands that fluctuate. Some organisms respond to these swings by storing extra ATP energy in the form of _____.

Answer 16

Some cells, such as muscle and brain, have high energy demands that fluctuate. Some organisms respond to these swings by storing extra ATP energy in the form of creatine phosphate.

Question 17

What is the equation for the synthesis of creatine phosphate?

Answer 17

ATP + creatine ⇒ creatine phosphate + ADP

Question 18

What is the equation for the hydrolysis of creating phosphate?

Answer 18

creatine phosphate + ADP ⇒ ATP + creatine

Question 19

Organic molecules [other than glucose], particularly _____ and _____, are also important sources of energy.

Answer 19

Organic molecules [other than glucose], particularly proteins and fats, are also important sources of energy.

Question 20

_____ such as sucrose, lactose and maltose are easily hydrolyzed into monosaccharides which enter glycolysis in the early stages.

Answer 20

Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose and maltose are easily hydrolyzed into monosaccharides which enter glycolysis in the early stages.

Question 21

Starch is hydrolyzed into individual _____ monomers using amylase and other enzymes in the digestive tract.

Answer 21

Starch is hydrolyzed into individual glucose monomers using amylase and other enzymes in the digestive tract.

Question 22

Glycogen is hydrolyzed by enzymes in the liver into _____.

Answer 22

Glycogen is hydrolyzed by enzymes in the liver into glucose-6-phosphate.

Question 23

[In digestion,] proteins are first broken down into their individual _____ acids. The nitrogen containing side group (_____ group) is then removed from each _____ acid, called _____. The left over carbon chains are converted into a molecule that takes part in glycolysis or the CAC.

Answer 23

[In digestion,] proteins are first broken down into their individual amino acids. The nitrogen containing side group (amino group) is then removed from each amino acid, called deamination. The left over carbon chains are converted into a molecule that takes part in glycolysis or the CAC.

Question 24

[In cellular respiration,] fats are broken down into _____ and _____.

Answer 24

[In cellular respiration,] fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 25

Fatty acids are oxidized in the _____ of the mitochondria. Enzymes remove two carbon _____ groups from fatty acid tails until it is completely converted into _____ groups.

Answer 25

Fatty acids are oxidized in the matrix of the mitochondria. Enzymes remove two carbon acetyl groups from fatty acid tails until it is completely converted into acetyl groups.

Question 26

What does each acetyl group [removed from a fatty acid] combine with? What is this process called?

Answer 26

Each acetyl group combines with Coenzyme A to from acetyl-CoA. This process is called beta-oxidation.