Lesson 3B (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are chronic postsurgical US findings that are related to scar formation? (3)

A
  1. Retraction
  2. Dystrophic calcifications
  3. Fat necrosis
    - lipophagic granuloma, oil cyst
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2
Q

What happens if you move a patient with an oil cyst?

A

It will also move

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3
Q

What can scar formation mimic?

A

Cancer

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4
Q

How can fat necrosis and dystrophic calcifications appear on the sonogram?

A

Hypoechoic or hyperechoic irregular mass with acoustic shadowing

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5
Q

What is needed for suspicious lesions? (3)

A
  1. Serial ultrasounds
  2. Mammograms
  3. Biopsy
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6
Q

What are male breasts mainly composed of?

A

Fat

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7
Q

What do male breast not have that females do? (2)

A
  1. Lobules

2. Coopers ligaments

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8
Q

How do male breasts appear on US? (4)

A
  1. Small nipple
  2. Little subcutaneous fat
  3. Lack of subareolar glandular development
  4. Prominent pectoralis major muscle
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9
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Is the abnormal enlargement of rudimentary male breast tissue

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10
Q

What can gynecomastia be related to?

A

Steroid abuse or associated with hormonal treatments

- eg) prostate cancer therapies

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11
Q

How can gynecomastia present itself?

A

As a retroareolar lump with or without pain

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12
Q

How can gynecomastia present itself on US?

A

Hypoechoic with spiculations radiating away from the nipple

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13
Q

Where does gynecomastia originate?

A

From the stromal or ductal elements of the breast

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14
Q

How common is male breast cancer?

A

Very rare

- < 1%

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15
Q

What is the most common cancer for male breasts?

A

Infiltrating or invasive ductal cancer

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16
Q

How does male breast cancer show on US? (3)

A
  1. Microcalcifications uncommon
  2. Appear spiculated
  3. Ill defined
17
Q

How many different shades of gray do you need in order to be delineate fine differences in tissue architecture?

A

256

18
Q

How is fat representing on breast images?

A

Medium gray

19
Q

What is the mean velocities for highly suspicious malignant breast masses?

A

25-40 cm/s

20
Q

What is the mean velocities for benign lesion breast masses?

A

< 20 cm/s

21
Q

What are breast US artifacts? (4)

A
  1. Bayonet sign
  2. Mirror image
  3. Refractive Edge Shadowing
  4. Partial Volume Effect or Volume Averaging
22
Q

Bayonet sign

A

Aspiration needle appears to be broken

- difference in speed of sound between breast and fluid in cyst

23
Q

Mirror image

A

Duplication of a complex lesion on both sides of a strong specular acoustic interface

24
Q

What is the speed of sound in the human body?

A

1540 m/sec

25
Q

What is the speed of sound in the breast?

A

1450 m/sec

26
Q

What is the speed of sound in silicone breast implants?

A

1000 m/sec

27
Q

What does differences in speed cause in the breast?

A

Artifacts

28
Q

Refractive Edge Shadowing

A

Shadows extend from the edges of a cystic breast mass due to refraction

29
Q

Partial Volume Effect or Volume Averaging

A

Fill in of cystic structures because echoes are detected outside of central beam axis