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High Resolution > Lesson 3A (Part 2) > Flashcards

Lesson 3A (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 types of ovarian hormones?

A
  1. Estrogens

2. Progesterone

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2
Q

What do ovarian hormones control?

A

Breast development during puberty

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3
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Stimulates growth of the ducts of the mammary glands

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4
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Stimulates development of the actual secreting cells

- alveoli

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5
Q

How is breast size determined?

A

More by the amount of fat around the glandular tissue than by the amount of glandular tissue itself

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6
Q

What is breast size not related to?

A

Its ability to produce milk

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7
Q

What cuts off a major source of estrogen in the breasts?

A

Shedding of the placenta after delivery of the baby

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8
Q

What does the rapid drop in the blood concentration of estrogens do?

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary secretion of prolactin

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9
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary secretion of prolactin and the posterior pituitary secretion of oxytocin?

A

Suckling movements of a nursing baby

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10
Q

What does prolactin simulate?

A

Lactation

- stimulates alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk

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11
Q

When does milk secretion start?

A

About the third or fourth day after delivery of a baby

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12
Q

Colostrum

A

The first secretion of the mammary glands after giving birth
- this yellowish secretion

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13
Q

What is colostrum rich with?

A

Antibodies

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14
Q

What does oxytocin stimulate?

A

Myoepithelial cells in the alveoli of the breasts

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15
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates the myoepithelial cells in the alveoli of the breasts to eject milk into the ducts

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16
Q

What is the arterial blood supply for the breast? (2)

A
  1. Thoracic branches of the axillary arteries

2. Internal mammary and intercostal arteries

17
Q

What is the venous drainage of the breast? (3)

A
  1. Anastomotic circle round the base of the nipple
  2. Branches carries the venous blood to the circumference
  3. End in the axillary and mammary veins
18
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the breast? (3)

A
  1. Superficial axillary lymph vessels and nodes
  2. Lymph may drain through the internal mammary
  3. Nodes if the superficial route is obstructed
19
Q

Anastomotic circle

A

Cycle around the area of the nipples and it carries out branches

20
Q

What is a common way malignant breast tumours spread?

A

Through the lymphatics

21
Q

What branches of the thoracic nerves contain sympathetic fibres? (3)

A
  1. 4th
  2. 5th
  3. 6th
22
Q

What is numerous in the breast, especially around the nipple?

A

Somatic sensory nerve endings

23
Q

What are somatic sensory nerve endings stimulated by? (3)

A
  1. Sucking
  2. Impulses pass to the hypothalamus
  3. The flow of the hormone oxytocin is increased
    - promoting the release of milk
24
Q

What is a normal process that occurs in women as they age from about 25 to 45 years old?

A

Involutional breast change

25
Q

What happens to the number of lubules with involutional breast change?

A

They decrease

- specialized connective tissue in the breast will replaced with more fibrotic collagen

26
Q

What is the result of decrease numbers of lubules in the breast?

A

Breast sagging

27
Q

What are 2 reasons why breasts sag?

A
  1. Decrease in number of lubules
  2. Increase in fat deposition
    - due to compensatory weight as one gets older
28
Q

Polythelia

A

Accessory nipple

29
Q

Polymastia

A

Complete accessory breast

- usually in axilla

30
Q

Amastia

A

Complete failure of breast tissue to develop

31
Q

Athelia

A

Absence of nipple

32
Q

Amazia

A

Absence of functional breast tissue beneath normal areola, nipple

33
Q

Poland syndrome

A

Underdevelopment or absence of breast, nipple, chest muscles

34
Q

What is the most common congenital breast anomaly?

A

Polythelia

35
Q

Is polythelia more common in males or females?

A

Males

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