Lesson 1E (Part 1)

Question 1

What are the types of thyroid gland diseases? (5)

Answer 1

1. Hyperthyroidism
2. Hypothyroidism
3. Inflammatory/immune
4. Goiter
   - adenoma (benign)
5. Tumours

Question 2

What are abnormal thyroid functions caused by? (3)

Answer 2

1. Thyroid disease
2. Disorders of the pituitary or hypothalamus
3. Insufficient dietary iodine

Question 3

What are the main effects of abnormal thyroid function caused by?

Answer 3

An abnormally high or low basal metabolic rate

Question 4

What is another name for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 4

Thyrotoxicosis

Question 5

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 5

Excessive levels of T3and T4

Question 6

What are the main effects of hyperthyroidism due to?

Answer 6

Increased basal metabolic rate

Question 7

What is a common consequence of an aging heart?

Answer 7

Cardiac failure

Question 8

How does cardiac failure affect the heart?

Answer 8

The heart has to work harder to deliver more blood and nutrients to the hyperactive body cells

Question 9

What does hyperthyroidism cause? (3)

Answer 9

1. Graves’ disease
2. Toxic nodular goiter
3. Adenoma
   - a benign tumour

Question 10

When does hypothyroidism occur?

Answer 10

When there is insufficient T3and T4secretion

Question 11

What does hypothyroidism cause? (2)

Answer 11

1. Congenital hypothyroidism in children

2. Myxoedema in adults

Question 12

What is an another term for congenital hypothyrodism?

Answer 12

Cretinism

Question 13

Cretinism

Answer 13

Profound deficiency or absence of thyroid hormones that becomes evident a few weeks or months after birth

Question 14

Where is hypothyroidism and endemic?

Answer 14

In the parts of the world where the diet is severely deficient in iodine and contains insufficient for synthesis of T3and T4

Question 15

What does the absence of thyroid hormones result in?

Answer 15

Profound impairment of growth and mental development

- unless treatment begins early

Question 16

Why kind of impairments is there in cretinism? (5)

Answer 16

1. Has disproportionately short limbs
2. A large protruding tongue
3. Coarse dry skin
4. Poor abdominal muscle tone
   - rounded belly
5. Umbilical hernia.

Question 17

What is myxoedema more common in? (2)

Answer 17

1. The elderly
2. Females
   - 5x more than men

Question 18

What does deficiency of T3and T4in adults result in?

Answer 18

An abnormally low metabolic rate

Question 19

What are the found causes for my myxoedema? (3)

Answer 19

1. Autoimmune thyroiditis
2. Severe iodine deficiency
3. Healthcare interventions
   - e.g. antithyroid drugs, surgical removal of thyroid tissue or ionizing radiation

Question 20

What percent of graves disease are hyperthyroiditis?

Answer 20

85%

Question 21

Who does graves disease affect the most?

Answer 21

Women

- between ages 30-50

Question 22

What kind of disorder is graves disease?

Answer 22

Autoimmune disorder

Question 23

Autoimmune disorder

Answer 23

Antibody that mimics the effects of TSH is produced

Question 24

Goitre

Answer 24

Visible enlargement of the gland

Question 25

What stimulates thyroid growth?

Answer 25

Goitre

Question 26

What is a sign of Graves’ disease?

Answer 26

Exophthalmos

Question 27

Exophthalmos

Answer 27

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs

- bulging

Question 28

What kind of vascularity does greaves disease have?

Answer 28

High vascularity

Question 29

What causes exophthalmos?

Answer 29

Due to the deposition of excess fat and fibrous tissue behind the eyes

Question 30

What is another word for de quervains thyroiditis?

Answer 30

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Question 31

What is de quervain thyroiditis associated with? (3)

Answer 31

1. Hyperthyroidism
2. Hypothyroidism
3. Return to normal thyroid function

Question 32

De quervains thyroiditis

Answer 32

Diffusely enlarged somewhat poorly marginated gland

Question 33

What is colour doppler like with de quervains thyroiditis?

Answer 33

Normal or decreased
- hard to tell the difference between this and graves (vascular is how you tell the difference –> graves is hypervascular)