Lesson 1D Flashcards

1
Q

What is the echogenicity of the thyroid gland?

A

Uniformly echogenic relative to the overlying strap muscles of the neck

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2
Q

Thyroid nodules

A

As a region of parenchyma sonographically distinct from the remainder of the thyroid

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3
Q

Where are thyroid nodules located?

A

Within the confines of the echogenic thyroid capsule

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4
Q

How many dimensions should the size of the thyroid nodule be measured in when detected?

A

3

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5
Q

What should happen if a thyroid nodule is detected? (2)

A
  1. Size/measure
  2. Location
    - upper pole, mid gland or lower pole
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6
Q

What are some sonographic features for differential diagnosis? (6)

A
  1. Nodule echogenicity
  2. Morphology
  3. Cystic change
  4. Echogenic foci with comet-tail artifact representing colloid
  5. Calcifications
  6. Flow pattern
    - peripheral or central
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7
Q

Comet tail artifact

A

Is a short path reverberation artefact that weakens with each reverberation, resulting in a vertical echogenic artefact that rapidly fades as it continues in to the ultrasound image

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8
Q

Colloid cysts

A

Are benign cystic fluid collections that occur within the fluid-filled sacs that contain comet tail artifacts in them

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9
Q

Simple cysts

A

Usually contains only fluid, and it is surrounded by a very thin wall
- not dangerous

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10
Q

Hemorrhagic cysts

A

Is a functional cyst that occurs when bleeding occurs within a cyst

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11
Q

Mural nodules

A

Nodules on a wall of a cysts

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12
Q

What is the echogenicity of a thyroid carcinoma?

A

They are hypoechoic relative to the surrounding thyroid parenchyma

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13
Q

What is not common in predominantly cystic nodules?

A

Thyroid cancer

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14
Q

What can cysts contain? (4)

A
  1. Serous fluid
  2. Colloid
  3. Old hemorrhage
  4. Resultant echogenic fluid
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15
Q

What are examples of nonuniform patterns of degeneration? (3)

A
  1. Mural nodules
  2. Septations
  3. Internal debris
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16
Q

What are assoicated with comet tail artifact?

A

Punctate echogenic foci

17
Q

What are comet tail artifacts?

A

Benign cystic nodules

18
Q

Where is calcification found? (3)

A
  1. Papillary thyroid carcinomas
  2. Medullary thyroid carcinomas
  3. Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas
19
Q

What is the most specific sonographic feature associated with thyroid malignancy?

A

Microcalcifications

20
Q

Microcalcifications

A

Are punctuate echogenic foci without acoustic shadowing or associated comet-tail artifact

21
Q

What kind of vascularity do benign nodules have?

A

Peripheral flow patterns

22
Q

What kind of vascularity do malignant nodules have?

A

Internal vascularity

23
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Extension of a mass beyond the thyroid capsule into adjacent trachea or muscle is highly suggestive of an aggressive malignancy

24
Q

What are some suspicious features of local lymphadenopathy? (5)

A
  1. Rounded shape
  2. Loss of fatty hilum
  3. Cystic change
  4. Microcalcifications
  5. Irregular internal hypervascularity
25
Q

What are the 2 most reliable benign features for the thyroid gland?

A
  1. Near-complete cystic appearance

2. Ring-down artifact in colloid cysts/nodules