Lesson 1A (Part 3) Flashcards

1
Q

How many parathyroid glands do you have?

A

4

- 2 on each side

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2
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Two embedded in the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland

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3
Q

What are the parathyroid glands surrounded by?

A

Fine connective tissue capsules

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4
Q

When do you see the parathyroid glands in US?

A

When they are diseased

- otherwise you dont normally see them

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5
Q

What do parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

  • PTH
  • parathormone
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6
Q

What is the main function of the PTH?

A

Is to increase the blood calcium level when it is low

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7
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels fall?

A

Secretion of PTH is increased

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8
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels rise?

A

Secretion of PTH is decreased

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9
Q

What 2 things from the thyroid gland act in a complementary manner to maintain blood calcium levels?

A
  1. Parathormone

2. Calcitonin

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10
Q

What is maintaining blood calcium levels needed for? (4)

A
  1. Muscle contraction
  2. Nerve transmission
  3. Blood clotting
  4. Normal action of many enzymes
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11
Q

FNA

A

Fine needle aspiration

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12
Q

Fine needle aspiration

A

Is the procedure of choice in the evaluation of thyroid nodules

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13
Q

What are the benefits to FNA? (3)

A
  1. High in accuracy
  2. Decreased unnecessary operative procedures in patients with benign nodules
  3. Increased the probability that surgery will be performed on those with malignant disease
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14
Q

What categories can FNA of thyroid nodules be? (6)

A
  1. Malignant
  2. Benign
  3. Thyroiditis
  4. Follicular neoplasm
  5. Suspicious
  6. Non-diagnostic
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15
Q

What are examples of diagnostic procedures? (4)

A
  1. Thyroid glands’ ability to concentrate iodine and certain radioactive isotopes
  2. Radioactive isotopes (tracers) are swallowed or injected into the bloodstream - taken up by the thyroid gland
  3. As they decay, a special camera can detect the energy that is released
    - creating a picture of the thyroid gland
  4. Distinguish a nodule as hot, warm, or cold
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16
Q

What does it mean if a thyroid nodule is hot?

A

They take up excessive amounts of isotope and indicate autonomously functioning nodules

17
Q

How do hot nodules appear?

A

Very dark

18
Q

What does it mean if a thyroid nodule is warm?

A

Normal thyroid function

19
Q

How do warm nodules appear?

A

Gray

20
Q

What does it mean if a thyroid nodule is cold?

A

They take up minimal amounts of radioactive isotope

- hypofunctional or nonfunctional thyroid tissue

21
Q

What is nuclear imaging associated with?

A

A low yield of cancer diagnoses

22
Q

How do cold nodules appear?

A

Gray with white spots in it