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1
Q

endochondral ossification

A

preformed in hyaline cartilage model

  1. blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage
  2. cells of PERICHONDRIUM convert to osteoblasts
  3. shaft of cartilage is ensheathed in layer of bone
  4. vessels penetrate cartilage
  5. osteoblasts produce bone at primary ossification center
  6. bone formation spreads
  7. remodeling occurs as growth continues
  8. capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphyses to create secondary ossification centers
2
Q

what give bones their distinct shapes in endochondral ossification

A

numerous secondary ossification centers

3
Q

diaphysis and epiphysis in endochondral ossification

A

epiphysis filled with spongy bone
epiphysis side creates cartilage
diaphysis side creates bone when osteoblasts invade and replace cartilage with bone

4
Q

characteristics of bone

A

highly metabolic tissue
consumes oxygen
capable of repair
constantly being remodeled

5
Q

bone as a mineral bank

A

calcium and phosphorus used for metabolic processes are mobilized from bone

6
Q

markings on bone

A

every mark has a reason–something either pulling or pushing on bone to create mark

7
Q

arteries and veins of bones

A

epiphyseal artery and vein
metaphyseal artery and vein
diaphysis: nutrient artery and vein, and periosteal arteries and veins

8
Q

what causes pain when injury to bone

A

nerve supply to periosteum

9
Q

long bone

A

humerus and femur

10
Q

short bone

A

carpus and tarsus

11
Q

flat bone

A

skull

12
Q

irregular bone

A

vertebrae

13
Q

sesamoid bone

A

patella

bones formed within a tendon to allow ease of motion

14
Q

wormian bone

A

bone found in sutures of the skull

15
Q

divisions of the skeleton

A

appendicular and axial skeleton

16
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

upper limbs
lower limbs
limb girdles

17
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull and associated bones (auditory ossicles, and hyoid)
vertebral column
thoracic cage

18
Q

hyoid

A

only bone that has no articulation with other bone (not connected to a joint)

19
Q

neurocranium

A

part of skull housing brain

20
Q

splanchcranium

A

part of the skull associated with the face

21
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7 but 8 cervical nerves

transverse foramina

22
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12
articulations for ribs
giraffe

23
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5
largest bodies
pointed transverse processes
moose

24
Q

sacral and coccygeal

A
5 sacral (fused) and 3-5 coccygeal (fused)
intervertebral foramina for nerves to exit
25
Q

features of typical vertebrae

A

vertebral arch formed by pedicles and lamina
thick supporting body
inferior and superior articular processes
transverse process
spinous process
inferior and superior articular facet where adjacent vertebrae connect (covered in hyaline cartilage)

26
Q

where do spinal nerves exit

A

intervertebral foramen

27
Q

atlas

A
C1
yes vertebrae
carries weight of skull
no body
transverse foramen
transverse ligament that attaches it to dens on C2
28
Q

axis

A

C2
no vertebrae
small vertebral body with dens sticking up where transverse ligament holds it to C1

29
Q

thoracic cage

A

sternum and ribs

30
Q

sternum

A

3 parts:
manubrium (top)– where clavicles attach
body (long middle part)
xiphoid (bottom pointed part)

31
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs of ribs and associated cartilages
1-7=true ribs (direct attachment to sternum)
8-10=vertebrochondral (attached to sternum via cartilage)
11-12=floating ribs (not attached anteriorly–protect lower part of kidneys)

32
Q

parts of a typical rib

A

articular facet (attach to vertebrae)
neck
tubercle (articulates with transverse process)
angle (where it curves around lateral thoracic region)
costal groove
body (part on anterior of body that attaches to costal cartilage)

33
Q

extrinsic back muscles

A

superficial/intermediate
innervated by ventral rami
superficial extend from back to pectoral or pelvic girdles and act on limbs
intermediate may play a role in respiration or may be proprioceptive

34
Q

intrinsic back muscles

A
deep
maintain posture and move vertebral column
attached to vertebrae, ribs, and skull
invested by deep fascia
innervated by dorsal rami
35
Q

pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scapula
attached to axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint
scapula attached to clavicle at 1 joint and attached to posterior thoracic wall by mucles
scapular movement accompanied by movement of clavicle
mobility on thorax enables greater range of movement of upper limb

36
Q

clavicle

A

s-shaped bone with 2 curves
1 bone in body to ossify
only horizontally oriented long bone
bound by synovial joints to manubrium and scapula
sternoclavicular joint only site of attachment of upper limb to axial skeleton
articular disc compartmentalizing joint enabling movement in 2 joint spaces

37
Q

articular disc

A

medial end of clavicle to 1st costal cartilage

acts as hinge enabling greater range of movement

38
Q

scapula

A

irregularly shaped
attached to clavicle at acromioclavicular joint and by coracoclavicular ligaments
attached to vertebrae, ribs, hyoid, and humerus by 17 muscles
upper limb suspended aaqt glenohumeral joint

39
Q

movements of scapula

A

elevation/depression
retraction/protraction
lateral rotation/medial rotation

40
Q

proximal attachment (origin) of trapezius

A

medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process C7-T12

41
Q

distal attachment (insertion) of trapezius

A

superior fibers–lateral 1/3 of clavicle
middle fibers–acromion process
inferior fibers–spine of scapulae

42
Q

actions of trapezius

A

superior fibers elevate and laterally rotate scapula
middle fibers retract scapula
inferior fibers depress and laterally rotate scapula

43
Q

innervation of trapezius

A

spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
ventral rami of spinal nerve C3 and C4
transverse cervical artery

44
Q

proximal attachment (origin) of latissimus dorsi

A

T7-T12 spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, posterior 1/3 of iliac crest, ribs 10-12 (inferior angle of scapula)

45
Q

distal attachment (insertion) of latissimus dorsi

A

floor of intertubercular/bicipital groove of humerus

46
Q

actions of latissimus dorsi

A

extends , adducts and medially rotates humerus at shoulder joint

47
Q

innervation of latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve

thoracodorsal artery

48
Q

thoracocolumbar fascia

A

links movement between upper and lower extremity in walking (posterior oblique swing)

49
Q

proximal attachment (oring) of levator scapulae

A

posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4

50
Q

distal attachment (insertions) of levator scapulae

A

superior angle and medial border of scapula above spine

51
Q

actions of levator scapulae

A

elevates and medially rotates scapula

52
Q

innervations of levator scapulae

A

dorsal scapular nerve

dorsal scapular artery

53
Q

proximal attachment (origin) of rhomboid major

A

spinous processes T2-T5

54
Q

distal attachment (insertions) of rhomboid major

A

medial border of scapula, below spine

55
Q

proximal attachment (origin) of rhomboid minor

A

spinous processes C7-T11

56
Q

distal attachment (insertions) of rhomboid minor

A

medial border of scapula, opposite spine

57
Q

actions of rhomboid major and minor

A

retract, elevate, and medially rotate scapula

58
Q

innervation of rhomboid major and minor

A

dorsal scapular nerve

59
Q

proximal attachment of serratus posterior superior

A

spinous processes C7-T3

60
Q

distal attachment of serratus posterior superior

A

superior borders of ribs 2-5

61
Q

actions of serratus posterior superior

A

proprioception, weak elevation of ribs 2-5

62
Q

innervation of serratus posterior superior

A

ventral rami of T2-T5

63
Q

proximal attachment of serratus posterior inferior

A

spinous processes T11-L2

64
Q

distal attachment of serratus posterior inferior

A

inferior borders of ribs 9-12

65
Q

action of serratus posterior inferior

A

proprioception, weakly depresses ribs 9-12

66
Q

innervation of serratus posterior inferior

A

ventral rami of T9-T12

67
Q

proximal attachments of deltoid

A

anterior fibers–lateral 1/3 of clavicle
lateral fibers–acromion process
posterior fibers–spine of scapula

68
Q

distal attachment of deltoid

A

deltoid tuberosity on lateral aspect of shaft of humerus

69
Q

actions of deltoid

A

anterior fibers flex and medially rotate humerus
middle fibers abduct humerus
posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate humerus

70
Q

innervation of deltoid

A

axillary nerve

posterior circumflex humeral artery

71
Q

proximal attachment of teres major

A

lower 1/3 of lateral border of scapula

72
Q

distal attachment of teres major

A

medial lip of intertubercular/bicipital groove of humerus

73
Q

actions of teres major

A

extension, adduction and medial rotation of humerus

74
Q

innervation of teres major

A

lower subscapular nerve

75
Q

what do ball and head of humerus articulate with

A

shallow glenoid fossa–deepened by glenoid labrum, surrounded by capsule

76
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A
stabilize shoulder joint
attached to tubercles of humerus
form musculotendinous cuff that adheres to and strengthens capsule
subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
77
Q

proximal attachment of subscapularis

A

subscapular fossa to lesser tubercle of humerus

78
Q

innervation of subscapularis

A

upper and lower subscapular nerves

79
Q

actions of subscapularis

A

medial rotation, adduction of humerus, stabilizes shoulder joint to prevent anterior dislocation

80
Q

proximal attachment of supraspinatus

A

supraspinous fossa to superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

81
Q

innervation of supraspinatus

A

suprascapular nerve

82
Q

actions of supraspinatus

A

initiates abduction of humerus

stabilizes shoulder joint

83
Q

proximal attachment of infraspinatus

A

infraspinous fossa to middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus

84
Q

innervation of infraspinatus

A

suprascapular nerve

85
Q

actions of infraspinatus

A

laterally rotates humerus

stabilizes shoulder joint

86
Q

proximal attachment of teres minor

A

middle of lateral border of scapula to inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

87
Q

innervation of teres minor

A

axillary nerve

88
Q

actions of teres minor

A

laterally rotates
adducts humerus
stabilizes shoulder joint