endochondral ossification
preformed in hyaline cartilage model
- blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage
- cells of PERICHONDRIUM convert to osteoblasts
- shaft of cartilage is ensheathed in layer of bone
- vessels penetrate cartilage
- osteoblasts produce bone at primary ossification center
- bone formation spreads
- remodeling occurs as growth continues
- capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphyses to create secondary ossification centers
what give bones their distinct shapes in endochondral ossification
numerous secondary ossification centers
diaphysis and epiphysis in endochondral ossification
epiphysis filled with spongy bone
epiphysis side creates cartilage
diaphysis side creates bone when osteoblasts invade and replace cartilage with bone
characteristics of bone
highly metabolic tissue
consumes oxygen
capable of repair
constantly being remodeled
bone as a mineral bank
calcium and phosphorus used for metabolic processes are mobilized from bone
markings on bone
every mark has a reason–something either pulling or pushing on bone to create mark
arteries and veins of bones
epiphyseal artery and vein
metaphyseal artery and vein
diaphysis: nutrient artery and vein, and periosteal arteries and veins
what causes pain when injury to bone
nerve supply to periosteum
long bone
humerus and femur
short bone
carpus and tarsus
flat bone
skull
irregular bone
vertebrae
sesamoid bone
patella
bones formed within a tendon to allow ease of motion
wormian bone
bone found in sutures of the skull
divisions of the skeleton
appendicular and axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
upper limbs
lower limbs
limb girdles
axial skeleton
skull and associated bones (auditory ossicles, and hyoid)
vertebral column
thoracic cage
hyoid
only bone that has no articulation with other bone (not connected to a joint)
neurocranium
part of skull housing brain
splanchcranium
part of the skull associated with the face
cervical vertebrae
7 but 8 cervical nerves
transverse foramina
thoracic vertebrae
12
articulations for ribs
giraffe
lumbar vertebrae
5
largest bodies
pointed transverse processes
moose
sacral and coccygeal
5 sacral (fused) and 3-5 coccygeal (fused) intervertebral foramina for nerves to exit
features of typical vertebrae
vertebral arch formed by pedicles and lamina
thick supporting body
inferior and superior articular processes
transverse process
spinous process
inferior and superior articular facet where adjacent vertebrae connect (covered in hyaline cartilage)
where do spinal nerves exit
intervertebral foramen
atlas
C1 yes vertebrae carries weight of skull no body transverse foramen transverse ligament that attaches it to dens on C2
axis
C2
no vertebrae
small vertebral body with dens sticking up where transverse ligament holds it to C1
thoracic cage
sternum and ribs
sternum
3 parts:
manubrium (top)– where clavicles attach
body (long middle part)
xiphoid (bottom pointed part)
ribs
12 pairs of ribs and associated cartilages
1-7=true ribs (direct attachment to sternum)
8-10=vertebrochondral (attached to sternum via cartilage)
11-12=floating ribs (not attached anteriorly–protect lower part of kidneys)
parts of a typical rib
articular facet (attach to vertebrae)
neck
tubercle (articulates with transverse process)
angle (where it curves around lateral thoracic region)
costal groove
body (part on anterior of body that attaches to costal cartilage)
extrinsic back muscles
superficial/intermediate
innervated by ventral rami
superficial extend from back to pectoral or pelvic girdles and act on limbs
intermediate may play a role in respiration or may be proprioceptive
intrinsic back muscles
deep maintain posture and move vertebral column attached to vertebrae, ribs, and skull invested by deep fascia innervated by dorsal rami
pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
attached to axial skeleton at sternoclavicular joint
scapula attached to clavicle at 1 joint and attached to posterior thoracic wall by mucles
scapular movement accompanied by movement of clavicle
mobility on thorax enables greater range of movement of upper limb
clavicle
s-shaped bone with 2 curves
1 bone in body to ossify
only horizontally oriented long bone
bound by synovial joints to manubrium and scapula
sternoclavicular joint only site of attachment of upper limb to axial skeleton
articular disc compartmentalizing joint enabling movement in 2 joint spaces
articular disc
medial end of clavicle to 1st costal cartilage
acts as hinge enabling greater range of movement
scapula
irregularly shaped
attached to clavicle at acromioclavicular joint and by coracoclavicular ligaments
attached to vertebrae, ribs, hyoid, and humerus by 17 muscles
upper limb suspended aaqt glenohumeral joint
movements of scapula
elevation/depression
retraction/protraction
lateral rotation/medial rotation
proximal attachment (origin) of trapezius
medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process C7-T12
distal attachment (insertion) of trapezius
superior fibers–lateral 1/3 of clavicle
middle fibers–acromion process
inferior fibers–spine of scapulae
actions of trapezius
superior fibers elevate and laterally rotate scapula
middle fibers retract scapula
inferior fibers depress and laterally rotate scapula
innervation of trapezius
spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
ventral rami of spinal nerve C3 and C4
transverse cervical artery
proximal attachment (origin) of latissimus dorsi
T7-T12 spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, posterior 1/3 of iliac crest, ribs 10-12 (inferior angle of scapula)
distal attachment (insertion) of latissimus dorsi
floor of intertubercular/bicipital groove of humerus
actions of latissimus dorsi
extends , adducts and medially rotates humerus at shoulder joint
innervation of latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal nerve
thoracodorsal artery
thoracocolumbar fascia
links movement between upper and lower extremity in walking (posterior oblique swing)
proximal attachment (oring) of levator scapulae
posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4
distal attachment (insertions) of levator scapulae
superior angle and medial border of scapula above spine
actions of levator scapulae
elevates and medially rotates scapula
innervations of levator scapulae
dorsal scapular nerve
dorsal scapular artery
proximal attachment (origin) of rhomboid major
spinous processes T2-T5
distal attachment (insertions) of rhomboid major
medial border of scapula, below spine
proximal attachment (origin) of rhomboid minor
spinous processes C7-T11
distal attachment (insertions) of rhomboid minor
medial border of scapula, opposite spine
actions of rhomboid major and minor
retract, elevate, and medially rotate scapula
innervation of rhomboid major and minor
dorsal scapular nerve
proximal attachment of serratus posterior superior
spinous processes C7-T3
distal attachment of serratus posterior superior
superior borders of ribs 2-5
actions of serratus posterior superior
proprioception, weak elevation of ribs 2-5
innervation of serratus posterior superior
ventral rami of T2-T5
proximal attachment of serratus posterior inferior
spinous processes T11-L2
distal attachment of serratus posterior inferior
inferior borders of ribs 9-12
action of serratus posterior inferior
proprioception, weakly depresses ribs 9-12
innervation of serratus posterior inferior
ventral rami of T9-T12
proximal attachments of deltoid
anterior fibers–lateral 1/3 of clavicle
lateral fibers–acromion process
posterior fibers–spine of scapula
distal attachment of deltoid
deltoid tuberosity on lateral aspect of shaft of humerus
actions of deltoid
anterior fibers flex and medially rotate humerus
middle fibers abduct humerus
posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate humerus
innervation of deltoid
axillary nerve
posterior circumflex humeral artery
proximal attachment of teres major
lower 1/3 of lateral border of scapula
distal attachment of teres major
medial lip of intertubercular/bicipital groove of humerus
actions of teres major
extension, adduction and medial rotation of humerus
innervation of teres major
lower subscapular nerve
what do ball and head of humerus articulate with
shallow glenoid fossa–deepened by glenoid labrum, surrounded by capsule
rotator cuff muscles
stabilize shoulder joint attached to tubercles of humerus form musculotendinous cuff that adheres to and strengthens capsule subscapularis supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor
proximal attachment of subscapularis
subscapular fossa to lesser tubercle of humerus
innervation of subscapularis
upper and lower subscapular nerves
actions of subscapularis
medial rotation, adduction of humerus, stabilizes shoulder joint to prevent anterior dislocation
proximal attachment of supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa to superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
innervation of supraspinatus
suprascapular nerve
actions of supraspinatus
initiates abduction of humerus
stabilizes shoulder joint
proximal attachment of infraspinatus
infraspinous fossa to middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus
innervation of infraspinatus
suprascapular nerve
actions of infraspinatus
laterally rotates humerus
stabilizes shoulder joint
proximal attachment of teres minor
middle of lateral border of scapula to inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
innervation of teres minor
axillary nerve
actions of teres minor
laterally rotates
adducts humerus
stabilizes shoulder joint