Lecture 9: Street-Involved Youth in Canada Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 9: Street-Involved Youth in Canada Deck (80)
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1
Q

Street Involved Youth

A
  • Youth 25 or under who do not have a safe home or are under-housed;
  • Who have been forced to leave their families of origin;
  • Who have run away from their homes without the consent of their parent or guardian;
  • Who left foster or group-care placements;
  • Or who are living on the street but who engage in street-related activities and identify with street culture and peer groups.
2
Q

Kinds of street-involved youth:

A
  1. Throwaways.
  2. Runaways.
  3. Those not living on street but who engage in street-related activities.
3
Q

Throwaways

A

Youth asked or encouraged to leave home by their parents/guardians with the purpose of ending parental responsibility.

4
Q

Runaways

A

Youth who have led their homes/welfare placement without the consent of their parents/guardians.

5
Q

How do youth become involved in street activities?

A

A degradation ceremonies.

6
Q

Give an example of how triggers for street involvement differs according to age.

A

Parents disagreeing with adolescent’s sexual orientation is a trigger, while it is not for adult children.

7
Q

What are the two UN categories of homelessness:

A
  1. Absolute homelessness.

2. Relative homelessness.

8
Q

Absolute Homelessness

A

Sleeping in places unfit for human habitation.

9
Q

Relative Homelessness

A

Situations where basic standards are not met.

10
Q

True or false? Relative homelessness is absolutely unfit for humans.

A

False.

11
Q

Family moving into an uncompleted home is ___ ___.

A

Relatively homeless.

12
Q

True or false? Most people choose homelessness.

A

False.

13
Q

Unsheltered

A

They have all their stuff with them in a cart, background, carry their home. Pass night wherever.

14
Q

What is the worst form of homelessness?

A

Unsheltered.

15
Q

Emergency Sheltered

A

Homeless who make use of government/charity funded shelters.

16
Q

Provisionally Accommodated

A

No security of tenure. Banking on niceties of friends. Takes over friends couch. Precarious way of life.

17
Q

At Risk of Homelessness

A

Not homeless yet, and may still be in homes/apartments. However, unemployment, layoffs put them at risk.

18
Q

Is homelessness deviant?

A

Yes. Question of normality. Belief that you should be in a house somewhere, and we should be able to trace you to some address.

19
Q

Homelessness is ___ rather than ___.

A

Fluid. static.

20
Q

Life Cycle Model

A

Proposes series of stages that youth encounter on street. Mainstream, recidivism, stasis, disequilibrium.

21
Q

Most youth that run away from home are between the ages of…

A

15-17 (older teens).

22
Q

Most homeless youth are what race?

A

Caucasian (followed by Aboriginals and African-Americans).

23
Q

Hidden Homeless

A

People pass the night with some friends, neighbours, or family members. Have support around them.

24
Q

Are the numbers for homeless higher or those for hidden homeless?

A

Hidden homeless.

25
Q

Most homeless are adult ___ between 22 and 55 years old.

A

Males.

26
Q

Socioeconomically men tend to earn more. However, the male to female ratio is 2:1. Why?

A
  • Hard economic conditions.
  • Less support network.
  • Male breadwinner model.
  • Less likely to seek support.
27
Q

Aboriginal people are ___ in the homeless population.

A

Overrepresented.

28
Q

Which gender drops out of school more often?

A

Females.

29
Q

How do homeless youth make money?

A

Occasional work, begging, prostitution.

30
Q

Homeless Youth

A

Youth who have either left or who have been urged to leave home with the full knowledge or approval of legal guardians, with no alternative home in which to live.

31
Q

Issues to consider while planning an estimate or count of the number of street-involved youth?

A
  • What criteria determines street involvement?
  • How should street-involved youth be contacted?
  • Should shelter numbers be used as basis for predicting the uncounted street-involved population?
32
Q

Ecological Perspective

A

Puts focus on the interaction of the individual with different systems (school, peers, community resources, child welfare, government) and within the predominant values, attitudes, and philosophies of society.

33
Q

Ecological perspective recognizes that no individual lives in a ___ ___.

A

Social vacuum.

34
Q

Microsystem

A

Immediate setting in which a person resides.

35
Q

Mesosystem

A

Represents the connections between the child’s microsystems and ecosystems.

36
Q

Exosystem

A

Systems in which policies and operations can enhance or detract from opportunities.

37
Q

Macrosystems

A

Includes culture and ideology of the society in which a person lives.

38
Q

Why do youth leave home?

A
  • Result of family conflict, disruption, and maltreatment.
  • Thrown out or forced to leave, seek further independence.
  • Aging-out of child welfare system.
39
Q

What are the 3 pathways to the street?

A
  1. Leaving home.
  2. Thrown out/forced to leave as “throwaways.”
  3. Early exit/aging out of child welfare system.
40
Q

True or false? Many street-involved youth report maltreatment at the hands of caregivers. This is especially influential for girls.

A

True.

41
Q

What are risk factors associated with street involved youth?

A
  • Difficulty with school.
  • Mental health and behavioural disorders.
  • Child welfare experiences.
42
Q

Sexual assault against children is increasing/decreasing, despite an opposite trend in general crime.

A

Increasing.

43
Q

When do most youth leave home?

A

When told to do so by their parents, or when their parents do not care.

44
Q

___ report significantly higher rates of sexual abuse than ___.

A

Females, males.

45
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

Includes everything from bullying to lacking empathy. Relationship with others, capacity to form healthy relationships with others.

46
Q

Those with mental health issues are more likely to…

A

Use drugs, have low self-esteem, and commit suicide.

47
Q

True or false? Those on the street tend to romanticize street life.

A

True.

48
Q

What is ironic about youth that leave home to escape rules?

A

They are subject to rules that are more restrictive than the ones they ran away from.

49
Q

How do youth that run away from home feel?

A

Lonely, disoriented, and survival instinct kicks in. Continual fight or flight response.

50
Q

True or false? Street entrenched youth often find mentors.

A

True.

51
Q

True or false? Street entrenched youth are more often victimized.

A

True.

52
Q

What are some resilience factors?

A
  • Many have strong sense of confidence in their own abilities, security in beliefs, and high self-worth.
  • Have resource-related skills.
  • Coping skills include spirituality, friends, time alone to think, positive thinking, sense of humour, and having hobbies.
53
Q

Substance use for street entrenched youth is usually as a ___ ___.

A

Coping mechanism. Can also be for social/recreational purposes.

54
Q

Almost all street-entrenched youth use ___ drugs.

A

Non-injection.

55
Q

Injection puts youth at risk for what disease?

A

HIV/AIDS.

56
Q

Youth on the street become sexually active ___ youth living at home.

A

Before.

57
Q

True or false? Street-involved youth are at higher risk for physical/mental health problems.

A

True.

58
Q

Squeegee Kids

A

Group of street-involved youth who are resourceful in attempting to develop and maintain a livelihood and means of survival by offering to clean windshields at major intersections.

59
Q

What is the sexual health of street-involved youth like?

A
  • High risk for STI’s.
  • Frequent sexual activity with multiple partners.
  • Pregnancy.
60
Q

How can pregnancy be good for street-involved you?

A

Could be a reason why they leave the street. Social services, favourable disposition of service providers, general public.

61
Q

Survival/Obligatory Sex

A

Trading sex for money, food, shelter, or other necessities.

62
Q

Which gender is at a higher risk for survival/obligatory sex?

A

Females.

63
Q

Survival/obligatory sex has been considered to increase autonomy. What are objections to this?

A

IT is not overly empowering.

64
Q

A high percentage of street-involved youth had previous child-welfare experiences and foster-care placements. True or false?

A

True.

65
Q

Those in foster care report feeling poorly prepared for ___ ___.

A

Independent living.

66
Q

Why do street-involved youth become involved in crime? for ___ and ___ reasons.

A

Situational, personal.

67
Q

Give reasons why street-involved youth become involved in crime/gangs.

A
  • Money.
  • Unemployment.
  • Deviant/criminal peers.
  • Being victimized.
  • Perception of blocked opportunities.
  • Drug use.
  • Low self-control.
  • High self-esteem.
68
Q

How can street-involved youth be seen as a social production?

A

The rise of neoliberalism.

69
Q

How does neoliberalism contribute to street-involved youth?

A
  1. Reduction in affordable housing.
  2. Youth unemployment.
  3. Reduction in state benefits.
  4. Changes in labour trend or job market.
  5. Changes in family composition.
70
Q

Explain how neoliberalism has resulted in changes in labour trend or job market.

A

Outsourcing of jobs, requirements for jobs go up.

71
Q

Explain how neoliberalism has resulted in changes in family composition.

A

Rise of the lone-person household, women especially at risk for poverty.

72
Q

True or false? There is a link between child abuse, pregnancy, and homelessness.

A

True.

73
Q

Top 5 reasons LGBT youth become homeless:

A
  1. Family rejection of sexual orientation.
  2. Forced out because of sexual orientation.
  3. Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.
  4. Aged out of foster care system.
  5. Financial.emotional neglect.
74
Q

Generational Cycle of Welfare System

A

Self-reproducing homelessness and dependency.

75
Q

Use of street services depends on:

A
  • Knowledge.
  • Ease of access.
  • Current level of entrenchment in street culture.
76
Q

True or false? Youth services should be administered top-down.

A

False, they should youth-oriented.

77
Q

Youth Centre Programming Model

A

Youth play a significant role in developing and evaluating programs, and agencies continue to be flexible in adapting to changing needs of street-involved youth.

78
Q

According to Karabanov, what are the steps to get off the streets?

A
  1. Precipitating events.
  2. Developing courage to change.
  3. Seek support.
  4. Physically leave street.
  5. Restructuring routines.
  6. Having direction.
79
Q

What is the final step to getting off the street according to Karabanov?

A

Having direction.

80
Q

What are precipitating events according to Karabanov?

A

Traumatic event, boredom, disenchantment.