lecture 6: lung pathology Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in lecture 6: lung pathology Deck (16)
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1
Q

what is the epidemiology of lung cancer?

A
  • 3rd most common cause of death in the UK

- 5 year survival is only 5.5%

2
Q

what are the causative factors of lung cancer?

A
  • tobacco
  • radon
  • Asbestos
3
Q

what is the clinical presentation of lung cancer?

A
  • haemoptysis
  • unexplained or persistent
    cough
    shoulder pain
    chest pain
    short of breath
    finger clubbing
    hoarseness
4
Q

what are the choices of treatment for lung cancer based upon?

A
  • histological cell type
  • stage of the lung cancer
  • performance status of the patient
5
Q

what are the two types of malignant lung cancer cells?

A
  • small cell lung cancer 25%
    this is more aggressive
  • non small cell lung cancer 75%
6
Q

what are the types of carcinoma?

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • adenocarcinoma
  • large cell carcinoma
  • anaplastic carcinoma
  • bronchiolo alveolar carcinoma
7
Q

what is the staging system for lung cancer?

A

TNM
tumour
lymph Nodes
distant metastasis

8
Q

how does the tumour staging work?

A
  • looks at how big the tumor is
  • there are different boundaries
  • the location of the tumor is indicated in the T staging
  • the closer the tumor is to the chest wall or mediastinum the more serious it is
9
Q

how does lympth node staging work?

A

NX – Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed.

  • N0 – No regional lymph node metastasis.
  • N1 – Metastasis in ipsilateral peri-bronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes.
  • N2 – Metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal and/or sub-carinal lymph nodes.
  • N3 – Metastasis in contra-lateral mediastinal, contra-lateral hilar, ipsilateral or contra-lateral scalene or supraclavicular lymph nodes
10
Q

how does metastasis staging work?

A

MX – Presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed.

  • M0 – No metastasis.
  • M1 – Distant metastasis (also includes separate tumour nodules in a different lung lobe).
11
Q

what are scanning methods of diagnosing lung cancer?

A

FDG - PET -CT

trans thoracic CT biopsy

12
Q

what is a PET scan doing?

A
  • patients fast
  • fed radioactive glucose
  • the tumor will be very metabolically active therefore can be easily detected
13
Q

what is transthoracic CT biopsy?

advantages and disadvantages?

A

Advantage:
Real-time
Sensitivity 70-100%

Disadvantage:
Risk of pneumothorax (25-30%)
Small sample size
In case of bleeding no immediate intrabronchial treatment possible

14
Q

***when can lung cancer be detected

A

only at 10 mm
normally 30 mm
can only be detected late on and doesn’t present with symptoms, therefore, prevention is much better than screening

15
Q

what to do for local small cell cancer?

A
  • if it is localized

- the best treatment is surgery

16
Q

what to do for advanced non small cell cancer?

A

normally better to use chemotherapy