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Flashcards in Lecture 4 Deck (43)
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1
Q

Media

A

Any form of communication that targets a mass audience in print or electronic format.

2
Q

What does media do?

A

Defines social problems, shapes public debates, and defines boundaries between groups.

3
Q

Administrative approach to media:

A

Effects of media messages on individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Scientific approach.

4
Q

Critical approach to media:

A

Structures of power and processes of social control. How the media constructs events, issues, and identities. Power relations. Who’s telling us that something is deviant?

5
Q

Framing

A

The overall way that an issue is depicted in the media. Affects what we notice about reality.

6
Q

Framing of ethnicity:

A

Invisible, stereotypes, social problems, adornments, white-washed.

7
Q

Framing of gender:

A

Feminine touch, ritualization of subordination, licensed withdrawal, and infantilization.

8
Q

What game was released in the 1980’s leading to moral panic?

A

Dungeons and Dragons.

9
Q

What was Dungeons and Dragons linked to by activists?

A

Linked Dungeons and Dragons with suicide, drug use, and satanism.

10
Q

What is the modern moral panic in media?

A

Attention is now brought on what role playing violent video games do towards violence in real life.

11
Q

What is ironic about the Dungeons and Dragons moral panic?

A

What once caused moral panic is now seen as a solution to a young generation that does not use their imagination enough.

12
Q

GamerGate

A
  • Social movement.
  • Implicated in broader critiques, particularly with respect to gender and sexuality.
  • Pro-GamerGate and Anti-GamerGate.
13
Q

Pro-GamerGate

A

There is lots of collusion and corruption in the video game industry.

14
Q

Anti-GamerGate

A

This is a distraction, and what we needs to be concerned about is sexism in video games (in culture and in the games).

15
Q

Which view says that:

  • Gets picked up by media more often.
  • Gamers are behind the times.
  • Says that Pro-GamerGate has gone to war against women under the hashtag #GamerGate.
A

Anti-GamerGate.

16
Q

Explain the Pro-GamerGate perspective:

A
  • Video game makers have a history of colluding with those who review video games.
    • Reviewers were forced to resign or fired when writing a negative review of a particular video game.
17
Q

How does the media skew the Pro-GamerGate perspective?

A

This is not the narrative that makes its way to media. Media portrays this as white men who want to protect their hobby from women.

18
Q

Media ownership is characterized in 3 ways:

A

Convergence, conglomeration, and concentration.

19
Q

Convergence

A

Company owns multiple forms of media.

20
Q

Conglomeration

A

Merging of media companies.

21
Q

Concentration

A

Small number of companies own the majority of media products.

22
Q

Media causes deviance. It constructs deviance and normality. However, it…

A

Can also be used as a tool for deviance.

23
Q

How can media be used as a tool for deviance?

A

Using mostly new media.

24
Q

Cyber-deviance is a form of new media that includes:

A
  • Cyber-crime.
  • Cyber-piracy.
  • Cyber-bullying.
25
Q

Cyber-Crime

A
  • Credit card fraud.
  • Identity theft.
  • Hacking.
26
Q

What are the 5 elements of being a hacker?

A
  • Emerges at a young age.
  • Quest for and level of knowledge being foundational to hacker identities.
  • Commitment to persist in doing what they do despite obstacles they may encounter in pursuit of this knowledge.
  • Authenticity.
  • Debates over the forms of hacking that are acceptable/unacceptable.
27
Q

What are the 3 points of the hacker philosophy?

A
  • Ingenious use of any technology.
  • Tendency to reverse-engineer technology to make it do the opposite of its intended design.
  • Desire to explore systems.
28
Q

Categorizations of hackers:

A
  • True hackers.
  • Hardware hackers.
  • Crackers.
  • Microserfs.
  • Hacktivists.
29
Q

True Hackers

A

Computer pioneers of 1950’s and 60’s. Toyed with capability of computers.

30
Q

Hardware Hackers

A

Innovators of 1970’s.

31
Q

Crackers

A

Hackers in the 1980’s who exploited systems for malicious purposes.

32
Q

Microserfs

A

Hackers in the 1990’s who sold out. Were Crackers, but identified with certain aspects of hackers, but wanted pension plan. Involved with corporate cultures.

33
Q

Hacktivists

A

Hacker + activist. Big into conspiracy theories, obsessed with privacy and secrecy, membership is fluid, big into political philosophies, general anti-capitalist sentiment, culture of humour and creativity; embrace absurd and offensive.

34
Q

Hackers have started to see themselves as social and political warriors in recent years. True or false?

A

True.

35
Q

How did hackers become social and political activists?

A
  • Wanted to be accepted as legitimate members of society where they could move away from deviant and rebellious side.
  • Current political and economic context is characterized by income inequalities, unfair labour laws. Increase of corporate and state power.
  • Hacker-activist culture emerged from state and corporate attempts to control intellectual property.
  • Continuous with artistic communities and their attempts to manipulate the mass media to create alternative meanings.
36
Q

Culturegen.

A

Artistic communities and their attempts to manipulate the mass media to create alternative meanings.

37
Q

Example of culturegen.

A

Graffiti.

38
Q

What is the reasoning behind a lot of graffiti?

A

Purpose is not to vandalize, but to challenge state and corporate power.

39
Q

Cyberlibertarianism

A

Unconstrained progress in digital technology to solve social problems.

40
Q

Electronic Frontier Foundation

A

Unrestricted security and privacy on the internet.

41
Q

Anonymous

A

A hacktivist group against class inequality. Socio-economic justice. Internet should be controlled by civil society.

42
Q

4Chan

A

A place on the internet that started with anime sharing, but is now a place where adolescents post pornographic, violent, or basically anything.

43
Q

What are some Anonymous activist actions in recent years?

A

Organized the blockage of Habbo Hotel. Campaign against Hal Turner. Serious action when Church of Scientology tried to suppress video of Tom Cruise.