Lecture 25

Question 1

What determines the fate of a cell when exposed to a stimulus?

Answer 1

1. type of stimulus
2. duration of the stimulus
3. magnitude of the stimulus
4. vulnerability of the cell

Question 2

What is the physiological response to cell stress/injury

Answer 2

adaptation to the stimulus within the normal range

Question 3

What is the pathological response to cell stress/injury?

Answer 3

adaptation to the stimulus outside of the normal range

or

may result in cellular malfunction, damage, or death

Question 4

What are the common causes of cell injury?

Answer 4

1. metabolic
2. chemical
3. physical
4. biological
5. immunological
6. genetic
7. aging

Question 5

Metabolic causes of cell injury?

Answer 5

oxygen deprivation (hypoxia and ischemia)

nutritional (deficiency and excess)

Question 6

Chemical causes of cell injury?

Answer 6

drugs, alcohol, and poisons

Question 7

physical causes of cell injury?

Answer 7

trauma, extreme temps, and radiation

Question 8

biological causes of cell injury?

Answer 8

viruses, bacteria, and parasites

Question 9

immunological causes of cell injury?

Answer 9

allergic reactions and autoimmune disease

Question 10

genetic causes of cell injury?

Answer 10

chromosomal abnormalities

mutations

Question 11

How does aging lead to cell injury?

Answer 11

cellular senescence

Question 12

What are the four major intracellular systems impacted by cell injury?

Answer 12

1. Membrane integrity
2. ATP production
3. protein synthesis
4. genomic or chromosomal integrity

Question 13

explain reversible and irreversible cell injury?

Answer 13

reversible = mild damage
cell can be repaired

irreversible = severe or progressive damage
membrane damage
dna damage

leads to cell death (necrosis or apoptosis)

Question 14

What are the early cellular responses to injury?

Answer 14

1. cloudy swelling- swelling of organelles
2. hydropic degeneration- vacuoles appear in cytoplasm
3. fatty change - accumulation of fatty acids in cytoplasm (common in liver)

Question 15

Explain hypertrophy? Cause?

Answer 15

This is when the size of the cells increase, which could also increase the size of an organ

This is caused by increased functional demand and specific hormone stimulation

Question 16

what tissues are commonly impacted by hypertrophy?

Answer 16

cardiac muscle (hypertension)

skeletal muscle (exercise)

uterus (pregnancy)

Question 17

Does cell number in hypertrophy change?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What is hyperplasia? What causes it?

Answer 18

Increase in the number of cells (reversible)

It is caused by: increased functional demand and hormonal stimulation

Question 19

What tissues are normally affected by hyperplasia?

Answer 19

endometrium (hormonal stim)

prostate gland (hormonal stim)

RBC ( high altitude)

glandular epithelium of breast (hormonal stim)

uterine enlargement (pregnancy)

Question 20

What is atrophy? What causes it?

Answer 20

atrophy is a decrease in functional cell mass
decreased size and function
reversible

causes: 
decreased functional demand 
decreased blood supply
loss of innervation
loss of hormone stimulation
nutritional deficiency 
aging

Question 21

tissues normally affected by atrophy?

Answer 21

1. testes
2. skeletal muscle
3. brain

Question 22

What is involution?

Answer 22

It is the process, by which, an organ shrinks or returns to its formal size

Question 23

What are examples of involution?

Answer 23

1. The uterus returning to normal size after pregnancy

2. mammary glands changing back to pre-lactational state after breastfeeding

Question 24

What is metaplasia? what causes it?

Answer 24

There is a change in cell differentiation (reversible)

cause:
smoking and acid reflux

Question 25

What tissues are normally impacted by metaplasia?

Answer 25

respiratory epithelium
cervical epithelium
esophageal epithelium

Question 26

What is dysplasia? what causes it?

Answer 26

The failure of differentiation and maturation 
cellular atypia (structurally abnormal, high nuclear to cyto ratio, and large nuclei with dark staining) 

cause?

rapid multiplication of cells
may demonstrate genetic abnormalities

Question 27

What tissues are most affected by dysplasia?

Answer 27

cervix and skin