Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Center of mass in walking

What model is used

A

Midstance = highest COM position

Inverted pendulum model

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2
Q

Where is the COM potential energy highest

A

Walking Midstance

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3
Q

Where is the COM kinetic energy lowest

A

Walking Midstance

And

Running Midstance????

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4
Q

COM of PE and KE are… (walking)

A

Out of phase

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5
Q

Center of mass in running

What model is used

A

Midstance = lowest COM position

Spring mass model

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6
Q

Where is the COM potential energy lowest

A

Running Midstance

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7
Q

COM PE and KE are…. (running)

A

In phase

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8
Q

What are the functions of foot ankle complex

A

Provides base of support to maintain balance

Serves as an energy source and energy sink, is involved with energy exchanges

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9
Q

In walking there is a….

A

Positive mechanical work generation

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10
Q

In running there is a…

A

Positive mechanical work generation

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11
Q

Structure of the foot:

Forefoot

Midfoot

Hindfoot

A

Forefoot = metatarsals, Phalanges

Midfoot = navicular, cuboid, three cuneiform

Hindfoot = talus, calcaneus

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12
Q

What are the metatarsal phalangeal joint function

A

Supports the body

Provide traction

Control the forward motion of the COM during propulsion

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13
Q

What are the two most common injuries to the foot and ankle

A

Stress fractures of metatarsals

Inversion ankle sprains

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14
Q

Stress fractures occur as a result of

A

Microtrauma to bone

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15
Q

What are the causes of stress fractures

A

Uncontrolled foot landing

Hard landing on the ground

Improper spring of the foot action

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16
Q

What is a foot spring responsible for

A

Transferring forces from achilles tendon to forefoot

17
Q

What will happen if there is a decrease in tension in the spring

A

Increase strain on the metatarsals

18
Q

In the terminal stance phase (push off), a decrease in tension in spring will…

A

Shift GRF and contact area from toes to metatarsals

19
Q

Inversion of the ankle is when the

Eversion of the ankle is when the

A

Foot turns inwards

Foot turns outwards

20
Q

Why are inversion sprains more common than eversion sprains

A

Longer lateral malleolus

Stronger deltoid ligaments

21
Q

Tibiofemoral joint is made up of

A

Tibia and femur

22
Q

What two rotational degree of freedom (DOF) are there in the Knee complex

A

Flexion/extension

Internal/external rotation

23
Q

The patellofemoral joint is made up of

A

The femur and patella

24
Q

What common knee injuries are there

A

Ligamentous sprains

Meniscal tears

Osteoarthritis

25
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament attaches to

What causes tension to develop in the ACL

A

The posterior part of the distal femur and anterior part of the proximal tibia

If tibia moves anterior or knee internally rotate, tension will develop in ACL

26
Q

Potential cuases of ACL injury

A

Suddenly sloowing down and changing direction (cutting)

Landing awkwardly from a jump

Stopping suddenly

Recieving a direct blow to knee

27
Q

What is the key component cause of Patellofemoral pain syndrome

A

Stress

28
Q

What are the other causes of patellofemoral pain syndrome

A

Patellofemoral joint reaction force (too high)

Contact area between patella and femur (too small)

Changes based on knee angle (contact area increases as knee flexion angle increases)