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BISC 120 > Lecture 22 - Prokaryotes 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 - Prokaryotes 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most diverse domain?

A

bacteria

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2
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A
  1. bacteria

2. archaea

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3
Q

Where did chloroplasts come from?

A

cyanobacteria

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4
Q

What has allowed for more rapid sequencing of prokaryote genomes?

A

The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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5
Q

What obscures the root of the tree of life?

A

horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes

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6
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
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7
Q

Bacteria include the vast majority of _______ species

A

prokaryotic

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8
Q

What are proteobacteria?

A
  • gram-negative bacteria
  • include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs
  • some anaerobic, others aerobic
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9
Q

What are the 5 subgroups of proteobacteria?

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. gamma
  4. delta
  5. epsilon
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10
Q

Many species of alpha proteobacteria are closely associated with __________

A

eukaryotic hosts

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11
Q

What are 2 examples of alpha proteobacteria?

A
  1. Rhizobium

2. Agrobacterium

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12
Q

What do scientists hypothesize about mitochondria?

A

evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymbiosis

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13
Q

What is an example of a beta proteobacteria?

A

Nitrosomonas (soil bacterium)

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14
Q

What is nitrification?

A

converting NH4+ to NO2-

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15
Q

What is an example of a gamma proteobacteria?

A
  1. sulfur bacteria Thiomargarita namibiensis

2. pathogens Legionella, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, E. Coli

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16
Q

What are examples of a delta proteobacteria?

A
  1. myxobacteria

2. bdellovibrios

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17
Q

What are examples of epsilon proteobacteria?

A
  1. pathogens Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori
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18
Q

What are Chlamydias

A
  • parasits
  • causes blindless
  • sexual transmission
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19
Q

What are Spirochetes?

A
  • helical hetertrophs

- some are parasites (Treponema pallidum, causes syphilis)

20
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A
  • photoautogrophs that generate O2

- evolved into chloroplasts by endosymbiosis

21
Q

What is the chem. reaction for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O —> CH2O + O2

22
Q

When did stromatolites die out?

A

When eukaryotes evolved

23
Q

What are 5 examples of gram-positive bacteria?

A
  1. Actinomycetes
  2. Bacillus anthracis
  3. Clostrdium botulinum
  4. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
  5. Mycoplasms
24
Q

What is the smallest organism?

A

fibroblast

25
Q

Some archaea are ________

A

extremophiles

26
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

archaea that can live in extreme enviornments

27
Q

Where do extreme halophiles live?

A

highly saline environments

28
Q

Where do extreme thermophiles live?

A

in very hot environments

29
Q

What are methanogens?

A
  • make methane as waste product from CO2

- keep earth heated or unheated

30
Q

What are 2 qualities of methanogens?

A
  1. live in swamps and marches

2. strict anaerobes

31
Q

Prokaryotes play a major role in the recycling of _______

A

chemical elements between living and nonliving components of ecosystems

32
Q

What do decomposers do?

A

break down dead organisms and waste products

33
Q

Which prokaryotes function as decomposers?

A

chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes

34
Q

Prokaryotes can sometimes increase the availability of ____, _____, and _____ for plant growth

A

-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

35
Q

What is symbiosis?

A
  • an ecological relationship

- two species live in close contact (host, symbiont)

36
Q

What happens in mutualism?

A

both symbiotic organisms benefit

37
Q

What happens in commensalism?

A
  • one organism benefits

- neither harming nor helping the other

38
Q

What happens in parasitism ?

A

organism (parasite) harms but does not kill its host

39
Q

What are pathogens?

A

parasites that cause disease

40
Q

How do pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease?

A

-releasing exotoxins or endotoxisn

41
Q

What are exotoxins?

A
  • secreted

- cause disease even if prokaryotes that produce them are not present

42
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

-released only when bacteria die, and cell walls break down

43
Q

What can horizontal gene transfer spread?

A

genes associated with virulence EX: E. Coli

44
Q

What kind of important advances have experiments using prokaryotes led to?

A

DNA technology
EX: E. coli used in gene cloning
EX: agrobacterium tumefaciens used to produce transgenic plants
-plastics

45
Q

what is bioremediation?

A

use of organisms to remove pollutants form teh environment

46
Q

What are 3 things that bacteria can be engineered to produce?

A
  1. vitamins
  2. antibiotics
  3. hormones

BISC 120 (33 decks)

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