Lecture 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 2 Deck (22)
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1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nerve
Muscular

2
Q

What is the structure of epithelial tissue?

A

Apical and basal surfaces
Always have a basal layer that sits on top of a connective tissue layer
Communicate through junctions on basal and lateral surfaces

3
Q

What are the connective tissue layers of the spinal nerve

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

4
Q

Can you give a function of muscles other than movement?

A

Hormone secretion- heart secrets atrial natriuretic factor which lowers blood pressure

Myostatins which act on the adjacent muscle cell and prevents it from growing

5
Q

What are the smallest and biggest cells in the body?

A

Sperm cell and oocyte

6
Q

What is the limit of resolution

A

The smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguishable as two separate objects

7
Q

What is the difference in preparation of sample for tem and sem

A

Use microtome to cut sample in half

8
Q

What are the three types of electron microscopy?

A

Freeze fracture
Scanning
Emission

9
Q

How thin do samples need to be for microscopy?

A

2 to 20 micrometers

10
Q

What are the requirements to image tissues by light microscopy?

A

Preserve with formalin
Fix with paraffin wax
Stain with haematoxylin and eosin

11
Q

Should you use formalin with buffer or not for your tissue sample?

A

Should use buffer as it prevents water entering and swelling the tissue

12
Q

Can you list some methods of tissue procurement?

A
D and C dilation and curettage 
Endometrial biopsy 
Pipelle (also endometrial)
Surgical
Venepuncture for blood sample
Bone marrow aspiration using a jamshidi needle 
Swab of cheek cells
13
Q

What would a frozen tissue section be used for?

A

Surgery as it is quick to prepare and can be used to see if all of a cancer has been removed or not. Can use to check margins to see if clear.

14
Q

What is immunohistochemistry or immunostaining?

A

Uses antibodies against a specific antigen with a fluorescent tag attached which can be seen.

15
Q

What type of microscopy is used in immunohistochemistry or immunostaining?

A

Confocal microscopy

16
Q

What is phase contrast microscopy?

A

Type of light microscopy good for looking at cell cultures. Can see cells going through mitosis etc.

17
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of cell cultures

A

Advantages: don’t have to use an animal model, homogeneity of sample and control over physical environment

Disadvantages: can only grow a small amount of tissue at a high cost , hard to maintain, can differentiate into different cells and suffer from aneuploidy, can lose 3D structure, influence of other cells and tissues not maintained

18
Q

What is dark field microscopy?

A

Specialised technique where live cells illuminated with light which will not form part of image. Get a black background with bright objects on it.

19
Q

Why would you use dark field microscopy?

A

To look at live cells

20
Q

Why would you use light microscopy

A

Large field of view

Cheap

21
Q

Advantages of confocal microscopy

A

Images very sharp

Entire depth of cell or tissue can be seen

22
Q

What holds cells together?

A

Cell to cell adhesion molecules
Extracellular proteins
Internal-external scaffolding
Close proximity (pressure effect)