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BISC 120 > Lecture 19 - Viruses > Flashcards

Lecture 19 - Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  1. metabolism
  2. reproduction
  3. cellular organization
  4. homeostasis
  5. growth
  6. adaptation
  7. response to stimuli
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2
Q

Do viruses have metabolisms? Can they reproduce?

A

only with help from host cell

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3
Q

Do viruses have cellular organization?

A

no cells, no nuclei, no organelles, no cytoplasm

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4
Q

Do viruses have homeostasis?

A
  • generally no

- no cells/cellular components in which to maintain an internal environment

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5
Q

Do viruses have growth?

A

no. built by host cell in fully-formed state

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6
Q

Do viruses adapt?

A

yes, evolutionary change over time in response to selection

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7
Q

Do viruses have a response to stimuli?

A

don’t response to touch/sound/light but they can be impaired/killed by antivirals

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8
Q

What are the 4 steps of the experiment done with tobacco and sap?

A
  1. extracted sap from tobacco plant with tobacco mosaic disease
  2. passed sap through porcelain filter
  3. rubbed filtered sap on healthy tobacco plants
  4. healthy plants became infected
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9
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • not cells
  • infectious particles consisting of nucleic acids in a protein shell
  • sometimes in a membranous envelop
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10
Q

What is a capsid?

A

protein shell

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11
Q

What are possible hosts for a virus?

A

-archaea, plants, animals, fungi, protists

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12
Q

What are possibilities for the genome?

A
  • linear or circular
  • one piece or mutliple pieces
  • RNA or DNA
  • double or single stranded
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13
Q

What are 4 major viral groups?

A

…

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14
Q

What is a large virus?

A

pandoravirus

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15
Q

How does replication of viruses work?

A
  • only in host cells

- most use of host’s enzymes, ribosomes, tRNA, amino acids, ATP and other molecules

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16
Q

What are 2 ways that the phage can reproduce?

A
  • lytic cycle

- lysogenic cycle

17
Q

What is the lytic cycle?

A
  1. virus attach to bacteria
  2. inject phage DNA + degrade host DNA
  3. synthesize viral genomes/proteins
  4. self-assembly of viruses
  5. release viruses (destroy host)
18
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A
  1. virus attach to bacteria
  2. inject phage DNA
  3. integrate into host DNA
  4. prophage copied with bacterial chromosome
  5. many divisions create many infected bacteria
19
Q

How do animal viruses reproduce?

A

often involving a viral envelop

20
Q

What is a viral envelope?

A

-outer membrane
-Protruding
from the outer surface of this envelope are viral glycoproteins
-bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell

21
Q

What is a virulent phage?

A

A phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle.

22
Q

What are the 5 steps to phage assembly?

A
  1. attachment
  2. entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA
  3. synthesis of viral genomes + proteins
  4. self-assembly
  5. release
23
Q

What is a temperate phage?

A

-lytic and lysogenic cycles of phage lambda

24
Q

What is reverse transcriptase?

A
  • transcribes an RNA template into DNA,
  • providing an RNA S DNA information flow,
  • the opposite of the usual direction.
  • source of the word retro
25
Q

What is a provirus?

A

The integrated viral DNA

26
Q

What is herpes simplex type I

A

oral, cold sores

27
Q

What is herpes simplex type 2

A

genital

28
Q

What is herpes zoster

A

chickenpox/shingles

29
Q

What are 4 types of host ranges?

A
  • broad range (EX West Nile)
  • species-specific (EX Measles)
  • tissue specific (EX human cold)
30
Q

What can recombinant viruses do?

A

expand host range

31
Q

What are viroids?

A
  • sub-viral pathogens
  • circular RNA molecules without protein coats
  • mostly infect plants
32
Q

What are prions?

A
  • infection proteins

- cause brain diseases include scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, Alzheimer’s

33
Q

What is the origin of viruses?

A

-hard to discern due to horizontal gene transfer + lack of fossil record

34
Q

What is a viral shunt?

A

viruses move more nutrients (and carbon) from other organisms into particulate/dissolved pool

35
Q

Why is HIV hard to treat/

A

-reverse transcriptase has hight mutation rate

36
Q

What happens when immunity cells are attacked?

A

T4 helper cells arrive to scene

37
Q

What is the conclusion from the tobacco experiment?

A

pathogen(virus) is smaller than bacteria

BISC 120 (33 decks)

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