Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ecology and diversity > Lecture 15 And 16 Behavioral Ecology 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 And 16 Behavioral Ecology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ethology?

A

The study of animal behavior from an evolutionary perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

To gain understanding of a behavior, what should be understood?

A

Behavior patterns, proximate mechanisms, acquisition of behavior, ultimate causes of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are proximate mechanisms?

A

The name given to the neuronal, hormonal and anatomical mechanisms that underlie behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are most behaviors the result of?

A

Complex interactions between inherited anatomical and physiological mechanisms and the ability to modify behaviors as the result of experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the ultimate causes of behavior?

A

The selection pressures that shaped its evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What describes most animal behavior?

A

Unlearned

Highly stereotypic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is stereotypic behavior?

A

Always the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give an example of sterotypic, species specific behavior

A

Web spinning behavior of spiders- species can be identified by pattern of web

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When may an animal fail to perform a genetically controlled behavior?

A

When environmental conditions needed to stimulate it are absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why might all individuals behave in the same way not due to genetically controlled behavior?

A

Because they all imitated the same teacher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do genes cause a behavior?

A

Genes do not encode behavior

Gene products such as enzymes affect behavior by setting in motion interactions that underlie proximate mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can genetic and environmental influences on the development of behavior be distinguished?

A

Deprivation experiments

Genetic experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are deprivation experiments?

A

Investigators rear young so its deprived of all experience relevant of the behavior under study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can be assumed if a behavior is still displayed during deprivation experiments?

A

The behavior develops without opportunities to learn it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are genetic experiments?

A

Investigators alter the genomes of organisms by interbreeding closely related species, by comparing individuals that differ by only one or a few genes, or by knocking out/inserting specific genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What were the conditions used for the deprivation experiment?

A

Newborn tree squirrel was reared in isolation on a liquid diet, in a cage without soil/particulate matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the newborn squirrel given and what happened next?

A

A nut
Squirrel ran around cage and then resorted to stereotypic digging movements, then placed the nut in an imaginary hole and refilled the hole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did the squirrel experiment show?

A

Heredity underlies food-storing behavior of this tree squirrel species, but is only expressed when environmental conditions allowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is selective breeding used for?

A

Select for anatomical traits and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does selective breeding provide an insight into?

A

Effects of genetic constitution on behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How did Konrad Lorenz investigate courtship displays of duck species?

A

Interbreeding/hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What duck species are closely related and can interbreed?

A

Mallards, teals, pintails, gadwalls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the courtship displays of ducks work?

A

Male duck performs a choreographed water ballet typical of his species
Female accepts his advance only if entire display is successful and completed, skill judges quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happened when Lorenz crossbred different species of duck?

A

Hybrid offspring expressed elements of each parents courtship display in new combinations, as well as elements from neither species repitoire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What did Lorenz’s hybridization experiments show?

A

Stereotypic motor patterns of courtship displays are inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What did the observation that females are not interested in males performing hybrid displays give evidence to?

A

Sexual selection helped shape genetically determined behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How have gene mutations that effect behaviors been studied?

A

On fruit flies and rodents using gene knockout and gene silencing techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What gene was studied in gene knockout experiments on rodents?

A

fosB gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What behavior does a female house mice perform with an active fosB gene?

A

Gather her pups together, keep them warm and nurse them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the result of a mutated, inactivated fosB gene?

A

Mouse appears normal, but differs in how she treats new born pups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do female house mice with inactivated fosB gene treat her new born pups?

A

Inspects them and then ignores them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How was the hypothesis that the absence of the fosB gene changes the maternal behavior of female mice tested experimentally?

A

Knock-out fosB gene in female mice, mate when mature
Immediately upon birth, separate mouse pups from mothers, three in opposite corners of the cage,
count the number of pups each mother retrieves within 20 minutes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does fosB gene influence maternal behavior?

A

Protein encoded by fosB is involved in stimulating neural changes in the hypothalamus of the mothers brain in response to olfactory molecules she encounters upon first inspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Genetic control of behavior is ________ under many conditions.

A

Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why are behavior patterns in many species so strongly influenced by genes?

A

Without opportunities to learn (particularly with non-overlapping generations) individuals might fail to acquire appropriate behavior
When mistakes are costly or dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Give an example of behavior that does not have to be learned because mistakes are costly.

A

Kangaroo rats- avoid rattlesnakes by hearing them begin to strike and they hump through the air and out of the way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a releaser?

A

An object, event or condition required to elicit a behavior (such as the nut)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Give an example of a releaser triggering a behavior in birds.

A

Male robins: the sight of red feathers on an adult males breast during breeding season.
Male sings, performs aggressive displays and attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How was the hypothesis that a wasp learns the location of her nest by visual cues tested experimentally?

A

Surround nest entrance with moveable visual cues and move them to another location after the wasp leaves and has surveyed her surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happened when visues cues around the wasps nest were moved?

A

The wasp orientated to the displaced cones and count not find entrance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is it called when learning takes place only at a specific time in an animals development?

A

Critical period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the type of learning called when an animal learns a set of stimuli during the limited critical period?

A

Imprinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is an example of behavior learned by imprinting?

A

Recognition of offspring by their parents and of parents by their offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Give an example of imprint learning where the parent learns to recognize their offspring.

A

Emperor penguins- the father must find his chick after being away for weeks by recognizing its call

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What can determine the critical period for imprinting?

A

Brief developmental or hormonal state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How does imprinting work in goats?

A

A mother goat must nuzzle or lick newborn in first 10 minutes or she will not recognize her own offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What causes the brief imprinting time in goats/ determines critical period?

A

High levels of the hormone oxytocin in the mother’s circulatory cyctem at the time she gives birth and olfactory cues from newborn kid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Give an example of an animal species that uses species-specific song in territorial displays and courship in which learning is an essential step.

A

White-crowned sparrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How do hormones determine when a behavior is performed or learned?

A

Controlling influences on development and on the physiological state of the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What happened when investigators injected female songbirds with testosterone in the spring?

A

The females developed their species-specific song

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does an increase in testosterone in the spring do a songbirds brain?

A

Makes parts of the brain responsible for learning and developing song to grow larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How do parts of a songbirds brain grow larger?

A

Individual neurons grow larger in size and longer extensions

Number of neurons increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Why is selecting a place to live an important decision for an animal to make?

A

It influences survival and reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What cues do organisms use to select suitable habitats?

A

Predictors of conditions suitable for future survival and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What marine mollusk sticks to rocks and doesn’t move very far as an adult?

A

Red abalone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Where is the best place for a red abalone to live?

A

Coralline algae, its major food source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How do red abalone algae recognize coralline algae?

A

By a chemical the algae produces

Chemosensory cue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What other cues can be used to provide quality information?

A

Visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Give an example of a species that use visual cues to asses quality of a potential habitat?

A

Collared flycatchers peer into nests of others to see how well neighbors are doing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are conspecifics?

A

Other individuals of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

When might an animal establish a territory?

A

When high-quality habitats are in limited supply and competition is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What approach is applied to understand territory behavior?

A

Cost-benefit approach- animal has limited time and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the three components of the total cost of a particular behavior?

A
  • Energetic cost
  • Risk cost
  • Opportunity cost
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

On what type of lizard was cost-benefit territory behavior studied?

A

Male Yarrow’s spiny lizards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

When do male Yarrow’s spiny lizards defend their territory from male conspecfics?

A

September and october

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

When did the lizard experiment take place?

A

June and july

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

How was the hypothesis that testosterone-induced agressiveness is too costly for Yarrow’s spiny lizards to maintain year round tested?

A

Insert testosterone capsules under skin of males during summer and observe behavior and survivalship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What were the results of the lizard experiment?

A

Testosterone-treated males were more active and displayed more territorial behaviors than untreated males
Treated males survived less well than untreated males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Name some other animals that display territorial behavior.

A 
Tigers (defending multipurpose territory)
Grouse species (defending mating territory)
Seabirds (defending nesting site)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What name is given by applying the cost-benefit behavior to animals choosing what to eat?

A

Foraging theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What does foraging theory help us to understand?

A

The survival and value of feeding choices

72
Q

How is food characterized?

A

By the time it takes to capture, persue and consume the item

The amount of energy the item contains

73
Q

What is the most valuable food type?

A

The one which yields the most energy per unit time expended

74
Q

What do animals do if the abundance of the most valuable food type per unit time foraging is high enough?

A

The animal takes only the most valuable food type and ignores the others

75
Q

In what organisms was the foraging theory tested?

A

Bluegill sunfish

76
Q

How is the hypothesis that bluegill sunfish select prey so as to maximize their energy intake tested experimentally?

A

Provide bluegills with varying proportions of Daphnia of different sizes and densities, compare prey eaten with predictions of energy maximization hypothesis

77
Q

What were the results of the bluegill experiment?

A

Bluegills did not take large prey selectively when they were scarce but did when they were common

78
Q

Other than energy content, what can be important to some foragers?

A

Minerals

79
Q

Give an example of an animal obtaining minerals.

A

Moose wade into streams and ponds to eat plants that contain more sodium than the terrestrial plants from which they get most of their energy

80
Q

Why do animals ingest some foods for reasons other than energy or the nutrients they provide?

A

Provide poison

Antibacterial properties

81
Q

Where do some species of frogs obtain the poison in their skins?

A

By eating certain species of ants that have evolved poisons (the frogs are immune to the poison)

82
Q

What do spices contain?

A

Chemicals known to protect plants that produce them from bacteria and fungi

83
Q

How was the antibacterial theory of spices tested?

A

By exposing food-borne bacteria to chemicals found in spices

84
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis of human fondness to spices?

A

Spices disguise the smell and taste of spoiled foods, however this is not advantageous

85
Q

What factors helps animals choose a mate?

A

Inherent quality of potential mate

The resources it controls (food, nest sites, escape places) or a combo of the two

86
Q

Why are sexual roles in males and females so different?

A

Cost of producing sperm and eggs, males increase reproductive success by mating with many females, females have success by increasing quality of output

87
Q

What do females cause by her choice among males?

A

The evolution of traits that reliably signal male quality

88
Q

Give an example of a male using courtship behavior to signify that he is in food health/control resources/ good forager.

A

Hangingflies species court females by offering them dead insects- the bigger the better (the longer she copulates with him)

89
Q

How must responses to the environment be?

A

Times appropriately.

90
Q

What controls the daily cycle of behavior?

A

Circadian rhythms

91
Q

What does the persistence of daily cycles in the absence of environmental time cues suggest?

A

Animals have an endogenous (internal) clock, known as circadian rhythms

92
Q

What is it called when a rhythm is shifted?

A

Phase-advanced or phase delayed

93
Q

What is the phase-advance/delay that occurs daily due to the circadian rhythm not being exactly 24 hours called?

A

The rhythm is entrained to the cycle of light/dark

94
Q

What happens to an animal kept in constant conditions?

A

It will not be entrained to its environment, its circadian clock runs according to its natural period- it will be free-running

95
Q

What control is the free-running circadian rhythm under?

A

Genetic control

96
Q

Why do period lengths change?

A

Different among species

Mutations within species

97
Q

In what animals have different sensory capabilities evolved in response to daily cycles?

A

Nocturnal and diurnal animals

98
Q

In what two species can different sensory capabilities be seen due to being nocturnal and diurnal?

A

Diurnal ground squirrel’s retinas are made entirely of cone cells
Nocturnal flying squirrel’s retinas are made entirely of rod cells

99
Q

What controls seasonal behaviors?

A

Photoperiod and circannual rhythms

100
Q

What is the photoperiod?

A

Change in day length

101
Q

What is photoperiod used for?

A

Reliable indicator of season to come

102
Q

When is change in photoperiod not a reliable indicator?

A

Hibernators, bird overwintering near the equator

103
Q

What do hibernators and birds overwintering have?

A

circannual rhythms

104
Q

What are circannual rhythms?

A

Built-in neural calender’s that keep track of the time of the year

105
Q

What are the three major ways that animals find their way around their environment?

A
  • Piloting
  • Homing
  • Migration
106
Q

What is piloting?

A

Orientation by landmarks/ knowing and remembering the structure of the environment

107
Q

What species uses piloting?

A

Grey whales migrating between Bering Sea and coastal lagoons of Mexico

108
Q

What piloting cues do grey whales encounter along the West coast of North America?

A

Coastlines, mountain chains, rivers, water currents, wind patterns

109
Q

What is homing?

A

The ability to return over long distances to a specific location

110
Q

How is homing accomplished?

A

Without visual cues- e.g. pigeons that were fitted with frosted contact lenses to see just the degree of light

111
Q

What two types of navigation is used by animals migrating?

A
  • Distance and direction navigation

- Bicoordinate navigation

112
Q

What is bicoordinate navigation?

A

Also known as true navigation

Requires knowing latitude and longitude of current position and the destination

113
Q

What animals are capable of bicoordinate navigation?

A

Gray-headed albatrosses which bread on oceanic islands and flies over southern oceans for 8-9 years before flying home when it reaches maturity

114
Q

How do albatrosses fly back to their island?

A

Circadian rhythm gives information about time and position of the sun to determine their coordinates

115
Q

How is the hypothesis that pigeons can determine compass direction from the position of the sun tested experimentally?

A

Place pigeon in a circular cage from which it can see the sky but not the horizon.
The pigeon can be trained to seek food from one direction even when cage is rotated between trials.

116
Q

How else was the pigeon tested?

A

A bird is placed in an altered light-dark cycle to advance circadian rhythm 6 hours. When the bird is returned to natural cage, seeks food in the east.

117
Q

What is the name of the way the pigeon orientated in the experiment?

A

Time compensated solar compass.

118
Q

How do diurnal animals orientate at night?

A

The stars offer tow sources of info: moving stars and fixed point

119
Q

How was it shown that birds can learn to use star patterns for orientation?

A

Raise young birds in planetarium, if star patterns are rotated to simulate Earth’s rotation, the birds could orientate inside the planetarium. Under non-moving sky, young birds did not orientate in any particular direction.

120
Q

How do some animals orientate when it is overcast?

A

Magnetic sense

Pigeons ability to navigate is impaired if magnets are attached to their heads

121
Q

What might be a mechanism behind the magnetic sense of some animals

A

Birds could use the polarization of light which can give directional information

122
Q

When does the behavior of an individual become elaborated as a display or signal?

A

When the transmission of information benefits both the sender and reciever

123
Q

How do male courtship displays benefit both sender and reciever?

A
  • Male’s attractiveness is improved

- Female assesses the quality of the male

124
Q

How do female red deer assess male fitness?

A

By listening to the loud vocalizations of competing stags- large, healthy males can sustain, weaker males lose.

125
Q

What are the benefits of visual signals in communication?

A

-Rapid and versatile, easy to produce, indicate position of signaler

126
Q

When is visual signaling not useful?

A

At night or in environments without light (caves, ocean depths)

127
Q

What are the benefits of chemical signals?

A

Specific, information rich, durable

128
Q

What is the name of molecules used for chemical communication between individuals of the same species?

A

Pheromones

129
Q

Give an example of a species that communicates using pheromones.

A

Japanese silkworm moth

130
Q

What do Japanese silkworm moth use pheromones for?

A

Male moths up to several km downwind determine that a female of their species is sexually receptive

131
Q

What do pheromone messages left in the environment by mammals who mark their territories convey?

A

Species, individual identity, reproductive status, size, how recently in area

132
Q

What are the advantages of auditory signals?

A

Can be used at night/dark, receiver does not have to be focused on signaler, long distances, go around objects, greater distances

133
Q

What are some disadvantages of auditory signals?

A

Cannot convey complex information as rapidly as visual information

134
Q

Give an example of an animal that uses auditory signals.

A

Humpback whales use complex songs which can be heard hundreds of km away- to locate one another.

135
Q

What are the advantages of tactile signals?

A

Communicates complex messages

136
Q

What is the best studied example of tactile signals?

A

Dance of honeybees

137
Q

What type of dance does the honey bee do if the food is more than 80m away?

A

waggle dance

138
Q

How is the waggle dance performed?

A

Forager bee repeatedly traces a figure of 8 pattern
The angle of the straight run indicates direction of food source relative to direction of sun, speed indicates distance (slower=further)

139
Q

What dance does the honey bee do if the food is less than 80m away?

A

round dance

140
Q

How is the round dance performed?

A

Run in a circle and reverse direction each circumference, odor on her body indicates the flower, the dance communicates the source is within 80m.

141
Q

How do some species of fish communicate using electrical signals?

A

Generate electric field by emitting a series of electrical pulses. Used for sensing objects and communication

142
Q

Give an example of a fish that uses electrical signals to communicate.

A

Glass knife fish

143
Q

How do glass knife fish use electrical signalling?

A

Each emits a pulse at a different frequency that relates to its status in the population. (lowest frequency=dominant male, highest frequency=dominant female)

144
Q

Where do glass knife fish live?

A

Murky water of tropical evergreen forest

145
Q

When does social behavior evolve?

A

When cooperation between conspecific individuals achieve a higher rate of survival and reproduction

146
Q

Give an example of group living leading to hunting success.

A

Human ancestor’s hunted in groups to kill large mammals they would have otherwise not been able to subdue

147
Q

How was the hypothesis that flocking helps animals evade predators tested?

A

Release a goshawk near wood pigeons (in England), observe whether the hawk catches the pigeon

148
Q

What were the results of the hawk/pigeon experiment?

A

The more pigeons in the flock, the sooner the hawk is potted and the lower the hawk’s attack success.

149
Q

Why did the hawk’s success rate decrease with more pigeons?

A

Individuals spotted the hawk earlier and flew away- escape behavior stimulated others to take flight too

150
Q

What costs are imposed on pigeons living in a group?

A

Interfere with their ability to find food

151
Q

What is an almost universal cost associated with group living?

A

Exposure to disease and parasites

152
Q

Give an example of family units that consist of older offspring helping parents.

A

Florida scrub jays- a breeding pair plus up to 6 helpers

153
Q

What type of behavior does natural selection favor?

A

Altruistic behavior

154
Q

What is altruistic behavior?

A

Behaviors that reduce helper’s reproductive chances but increase fitness of helped individual

155
Q

Why does an individual helping relatives increase the representation of their alleles in the population?

A

Shares 25% alleles with siblings offspring

156
Q

What does altruism contribute to?

A

Animals inclusive fitness

157
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

Individual fitness plus fitness gained by increasing reproductive success of nondescendant kin

158
Q

Give an example of a species that shows altruistic behavior

A

White-fronted bee eaters (african birds)

159
Q

How do white-fronted bee eaters display altruistic behavior?

A

-Breeding pairs are assisted by nonbreeding adults who help incubate eggs/feed nestlings

160
Q

When given the choice, who do nonbreeding bee eaters help?

A

The nest with young more closely related to them

161
Q

What name is given to social groups who include sterile individuals?

A

Eusocial

162
Q

When have eusocial groups evolved?

A

Termites

Hymenopterans (bees, ants, wasps)

163
Q

When is eusociality favored?

A

When it is difficult/dangerous to establish new colonies

164
Q

Where do most eusocial groups live?

A

Nests or burrow systems

165
Q

Name a eusocial mammal group.

A

Naked mole rats

166
Q

Why do some populations exclude newcomers?

A

Newcomers activities may lower quality of the habitat

167
Q

How do some populations buffer fluctuations in food availability?

A

By storing food- within body (fat, starch), outside their body (seeds, spores, wood, fungi, leaves, nectar)

168
Q

What does food choice influence?

A

Species composition and abundance of prey

169
Q

What is the latin name of acorn woodpeckers?

A

Melanerpes formicivorus

170
Q

How do acorn woodpeckers store food?

A

By drilling holes in dead trees to hoard acorns in

171
Q

How was the theory that removal of the dominant species allows subordinate species to occupy that area, but removal of subordinate species has little effect on dominant species tested?

A

Artificial flower patches made from feeders

Hummingbirds

172
Q

What are the two humming bird species in the study, and what do they weigh?

A

Blue-throated hummingbird (8.3g)

Black-chinned hummingbird (3.2g)

173
Q

What happened when blue throated hummingbirds were absent? Present?

A

absent- black chinned fed at rich feeders

Present- black chinned fed at poorer-quality feeders.

174
Q

What can social animals achieve?

A

Greater population densities

175
Q

What % of individuals living in canopies of tropical forests are eusocial ants?

A

94%

176
Q

How do ants influence the community of insects in tropical forests?

A

By protecting aphids to consume their anal drops
By eating other insects for protein
By driving away other predatory insects

Ecology and diversity (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions