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Human physiology > Lecture 14: Cardiac output and blood flow in muscle tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Cardiac output and blood flow in muscle tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Coronary artery blood flow during diastole

A

Cardiac muscle relaxes and no longer obstructs blood flow through the left ventricular capillaries

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2
Q

Non cardiac factors causing decreased cardiac output

A 
Decreased blood volume
Acute venous dilation
Obstruction of large veins
Decreased tissue mass
Decreased metabolic rate of tissues
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3
Q

Factors that cause hypoeffective heart

A

Increased arterial pressure
Inhibition of nervous excitation of heart
Pathological factors causing abnormal heart rate
Coronary artery blockage
Valvular heart disease
Congenital heart disease
Cardiac hypoxia

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4
Q

Primary controller of coronary flow

A

Local muscle metabolism

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5
Q

What increases vascular volume

A

Infusion of blood or activation of renal-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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6
Q

Cardiac index equation

A

Cardiac output/body surface area =3L/min/m2 usually

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7
Q

Stroke volume equation

A

Cardiac output/heart rate

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8
Q

Venous return equation

A

Mean systemic filling pressure - right atrial pressure/ resistance to venous return

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9
Q

Sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves do what

A

Secrete norepinephrine

Can decrease blood flow through resting muscle to as little as one half to one third normal

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10
Q

Bainbridge reflux

A

Atrial stretch reflex

Responds to changes in blood volume as detected by stretch receptors in right atrium

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11
Q

Mean circulatory filliing pressure =__ when blood volume is 4L, and when 5L

A

0 when 4L

7mm Hg when 5L

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12
Q

What is the determining factor that controls how much blood the heart pumps out

A

The amount of blood returning to the heart

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13
Q

Maximal sympathetic stimulation does what to cardiac output and venous return

A

Increases both

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14
Q

What increases venous compliance

A

Inhibit sympathetics
Alpha block
Venodilators
Standing upright

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15
Q

What decreases venous compliance

A

Sympathetic stimulation
Muscle pump
Exercise
Laying down

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16
Q

Increase in blood volume would shift the vascular function curve to the ____, cardiac output and right atrial pressure would both _____

A

Right- both cardiac output and right atrial pressure are increased

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17
Q

What decreases the vascular volume

A

Hemorrhage
Burn trauma
Vomiting
Diarrhea

18
Q

Mass discharge of the sympathetic nervous system causes

A

Heart rate increases
Most peripheral arteries are strongly contracted BESIDES coronary/cerebral arteries
Muscle walls of veins are contracted- increases mean systemic filling pressure

19
Q

Decrease/increase in resistance do what to venous return

A

Decrease in resistance increases venous return

Increase in resistance decreases venous return

20
Q

Pressure gradient for venous return is

A

The difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and the right atrial pressure

21
Q

Factors that affect venous return to the heart from systemic circulation – what curve are these 3 factors quantitatively expressed in

A

Right atrial pressure
Mean systemic filling pressure
Blood flow resistance b/w peripheral vessels and right atrium

Expressed in venous return curve

22
Q

Strong sympathetic stimulation or inhibition do what to mean systemic filling pressure

A

Increases with sympathetic stimulation

Decreased with sympathetic inhibition

23
Q

Coronary artery blood flow during systole

A

Coronary blood flow in the left ventricle falls to a low vaue

24
Q

Spinal anesthesia does what to cardiac output and venous return

A

Decreases venous return and cardiac output

25
Q

Factors causing hypereffective heart

A

Nervous stimulation
Hypertrophy of the heart
Excercise

26
Q

Venous return =__ when right atrial pressure is 7

A

0

27
Q

The highest level that the right atrial pressure can rise is

A

Equal to the mean systemic filling pressure

28
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

O2 consumption/ Systemic arterial [O2] - systemic mixed venous [O2]

29
Q

If right atrial pressure reaches -2, venous return..

A

Reaches a plateau, caused by collapse of veins entering chest

30
Q

Large blood flow during skeletal muscle activity is due mainly to

A

Chemicals that act directly on muscle arterioles to dilate them
Reduction in oxygen
ATP
CO2

31
Q

Increasing mean systemic filling pressure does what to vascular return curve

A

Shifts it to the right

32
Q

The greater the difference between _____________, the greater the venous return

A

Difference between the mean systemic filling pressure and right atrial pressure

33
Q

Ways to increase mean systemic filling pressure

A

Increase vascular volume

Decrease venous compliance

34
Q

Coronary artery occlusion causes death by

A

Decreased cardiac output
Damming of blood in pulmonary vessel and death resulting from pulmonary edema
Fibrillation of heart
Rupture of heart

35
Q

Cardiovascular system is connected in series which means

A

Flow must be equal in the two circuits
Cardiac output and rate of two circuits are equal
All pressures are higher in the systemic circuit

36
Q

Frank starling law

A

Heart automatically pumps whatever amount of blood that flows into the right atrium

37
Q

Factors that directly affect cardiac output

A

Basic level of body metabolism
Whether the person is exercising
Age
Size of body

38
Q

Ohms law

A

Any time the long term level of total peripheral resistance changes, the cardiac output changes quantitatively in the exact opposite direction

39
Q

Cardiac factors causing decreased cardiac output

A 
Severe blood vessel blockage-->myocardial infarction
Severe valvular disease
Myocarditis
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac metabolic derangements
40
Q

Mean systemic filling pressure equals

A

Right atrial pressure when there is no flow in the cardiovascular system

41
Q

Under most normal non-stressful conditions, the cardiac output is controlled by

A

Peripheral factors that determine venous retrun

Human physiology (16 decks)

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