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Test 1 FTM > Lecture 11 + DLA 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 + DLA 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two broad stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase

2. Mitosis

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2
Q

What are the stages of Interphase?

A

G1 (G0), S phase, G2 phase

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3
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

They perform normal cell functions, but they are unable to divide

growth factors may enable the cell to reenter the cell cycle

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4
Q

What is the S phase?

A

Phase of DNA synthesis/ DNA replication

At the end of S phase, the DNA content doubles. Each chromosome has two sister chromatids

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5
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

The DNA content is doubled

cell/ cytosol size is increased

genome is scanned for mistakes

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6
Q

What is the role of p53 in the cell cycle?

A

When DNA is damaged, the activity of p53 is increased which leads to

cell cycle arrest
activates DNA repair
may lead to apoptosis (if damage is severe)

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7
Q

What would happen if p53 is not active?

A

Will allow damaged cells to proliferate, this could lead to cancer development

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8
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

nuclear envelope dissolves

mitotic spindle forms

chromosomes condense and bind to spindle

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids?

A

Homo - chromosomes of the same number, one paternal and one maternal

sister = copies joint at the centromere

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10
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes condense and are maximally visible

chromosomes align at the equator

Microtubules attach to centromere kinetochores

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11
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

sister chromatids will move to the centrioles

separation of the sister chromatids

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12
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

sister chromatids move to opposite poles

chromosomes less condensed

nuclear envelope starts forming

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13
Q

What is it called when the sister chromatids fail to separate?

A

Aneuploidy (non-disjunction)

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14
Q

When does recombination occur during meiosis?

A

Prophase I; increases genetic diversity

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15
Q

The two stages of meiosis?

A

Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate (reduction division)

Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate

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16
Q

When does random segregation of the homo chromosomes occur?

A

anaphase I

17
Q

non-dysjunction in meiosis I?

A

Homologous chromosomes do NOT separate

18
Q

non-dysjunction during meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids of a chromosome do NOT separate

19
Q

Monosomy is only compatible with life when?

A

Only monosomy X compatible with life;

Autosomal monosomy or Y chromosome monosomy not compatible with life

20
Q

No Y chromosome leads to what disease?

A

Turner’s syndrome (45X)

21
Q

What disorder occurs when their is one cell with just X and the other cell has XY

A

Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)

22
Q

Meiosis II non-dysjunctions?

A

Turner syndrome

47; XYY

47; XXX

23
Q

Explain the G1 restriction checkpoint

A

critical for cell cycle regulation

mediated by the Rb protein

determine replication potential before S phase

24
Q

Explain the G1 DNA-damage Checkpoint

A

monitors integrity of new synthesized DNA

25
Q

Explain the S DNA-damage checkpoint

A

Monitors quality of replicating DNA

26
Q

Explain the unreplicated DNA checkpoint

A

Prevents progression into mitosis before completion of DNA synthesis

27
Q

Explain the G2 DNA-damage checkpoint

A

Monitor integrity of newly replicated DNA

28
Q

Explain the Spindle-assembly checkpoint

A

Prevents premature entry into anaphase

29
Q

Explain the Chromosome Segregation checkpoint

A

Prevents cytokinesis until separation of chromosomes

30
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

Breakdown of nuclear envelope

Spindle microtubules bind to kinetochores

31
Q

What filaments help in separation during cytokinesis?

A

Actin and myosin II

32
Q

What does the Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb) do?

A

It is a tumor suppressor gene

prevents from G1 to S if DNA is not good

33
Q

Cdc25C Phosphatase?

A

proto-oncogene

Triggers G2 to M progression

Phosphatase

Removes inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK1

CDK1 can then bind cyclin B

Cyclin B – CDK1 complex activates mitosis

34
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Genes whose protein products control cell growth, proliferation and differentiation

Normal regulatory molecules

35
Q

What are Oncogenes?

A

Mutated proto-oncogenes

Test 1 FTM (35 decks)

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