Lecture 11 - Cardiovascular responses to exercise Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 11 - Cardiovascular responses to exercise Deck (23)
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1
Q

What are the goals of the cardiovascular response to exercise?

A

Increase )2 supply to skeletal and cardiac muscle

Facilitate Co2 and heat removal

Maintain MAP - so you don’t faint - heart is working against gravity to provide blood to brain. MAP is the driving force

2
Q

VO2 = ___

A

CO x (CaO2 - CvO2)

3
Q

MAP =

A

CO x TPR

4
Q

What are the main changes in distribution of CO and blood flow during exercise?

Consider the following areas of circulation

Splanchnic, Renal, Cerebral, Coronary, Muscle, Skin

A

With exercise:

Muscle receives alot more

Splanchnic bed (liver and gut) is markedly reduced, along with renal blood flow

cerebral blood flow is maintained (rest = maximal exercise)

Coronary - increased, but doesn’t need that much (it’s very effective)

Skin - increase with light and heavy exercise. but at maximal level drops right down

5
Q

What is Hyperaemia?

A

Increase in muscle blood flow

6
Q

What causes exercise hyperaemia?

A

metabolic vasodilators from contracting skeletal muscle, endothelium and/or RBC (When the oxygen is released, other factors are as well which cause vasodilation. Also desensitise vasculature to the symp nerves which normally cause vasodilation

Muscle pump - good for maintaining blood flow, key for venous return

“Conducted Vasodilation” - relates to factors in the muscle/capilliaries. Smooth muscle has signalling (through gap junctions) which signal proximal parts of the circulation, the arterioles, to dilate.

Functional sympatholysis - Symp. nerves in muscle vasocontrict so need to turn them off.

7
Q

What are some of the vasodilator metabolites?

A

K+ (when muscles contract, they loose potassium), H+ , adenosine, ATP (comes from muscle + RBC)

ROS -

NO, prostacyclin, Prostaglandin E2

Endothelial derived hyperpolarising factor

ATP released from RBC

8
Q

Can you just inhibit one of these metabolites for vasodilation and see a reduction in blood flow?

A

No, there are many (usually a sign of an important physiological function)

would need to block 3/4 before you’ll see effects

9
Q

At a sub-maximal VO2 would you be able to tell the difference between a trained and untrained person based on CO

A

No, at lower levels they woul dhave the same CO (it’s a linear relationship)

10
Q

How does HR and Stroke volume differ in trained and untrained people?

A

At a given VO2 - The HR is much lower in the trained athlete, and hence the stroke volume is higher

This would need to be the case as the CO is the same for both, but achieved in different ways

11
Q

What happens to BP during exercise and is it different between trained/untrained subjects?

A

not very different b/w trained/untrained

12
Q

What are the determinants of Mean, systolic, diastolic pressure?

A

Systolic - When the BP is contracting so mainly influenced by CO

Diastolic is when the heart is relaxing - so is largely determined by peripheral resistance

13
Q

generally MAP goes __ during exercise

A

up

14
Q

Stroke volume decreases after long duration of exercise becaue…

A

the distolyic phase doesn’t fill the ventricles as much

15
Q

SO what are the cardiovascular responses to prolonged exericse?

A

HR rises consistently

TPR rises steadily

blood volume slowly decreases

Arterial blood pressure will drop a little bit

CO slows

skin blood flow slows

Stroke volume decreaes

16
Q

What casues the cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise?

A

Increased HR and decreased SV

Hyperthermia - as you get hotter the SA node depolaises more rapidly

Dehydration

Increased plasma [adrenaline]

Peripheral displacement of blood volume due to cutaneous vasodilation - as you heat up, blood goes to skin

17
Q

Where is there feedback in the neural controls of this?

A

baroreceptors, neurons in the muscle (type 3/4 afferents)

feeedback and say the central command is either appropriate or not

18
Q

The Vagus nerve to the heart is…

A

inhibitory - parasympathetic

19
Q

The rising HR is initially due to withdrawn signalling from the __ and then an increase in _____ activity

A

The rising HR is initially due to withdrawn signalling from the Vagus and then an increase in Sympathetic activity

20
Q

Alot of what happens in aging is related to

A

inactivity

21
Q

What happens with cardiovascular adaptations when you train?

A

COmax goes up

Max HR doesn’t cahnge

Stroke volume increases (big benefit)

22
Q

Why is there an increase in Stroke volume on trained subjects?

A

Expanded blood volume (Frank-starling mechanism)

Increase heart size

Increase LV mass and chamber size

Increase adrenergic sensitivity

23
Q

What are the microvascular adaptations to exercise training?

A

Increase in capillary density and capillary recruitment - increases oxygen delivery and exchange

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