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Neuroanatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the pre-central gyrus do

A

primary motor cortex and contains cells of origin of descending motor pathways and is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements.
-these axons project to lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord

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2
Q

what does the post central gyrus do

A

primary somatosensory cortex

-involed w/ somatic (bodily) sensation

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3
Q

what is broca’s area

where is broca’s area

A
  • involved w/ the motor aspect of speech formation

- locateed in the dominant hemisphere and the frontal lobe

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4
Q

what is wernicke’s area

A

other language area but located in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

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5
Q

what is heschl’s gyrus

where is it

A

primary auditory cortex in te temporal lobe

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6
Q

what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect

A

central sulcus

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7
Q

what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect

A

central sulcus

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8
Q

the parietal lobe is located between which sulcus/fissue on the medial aspect of the brain?

A

central sulcus and parieto-occipital fissure

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9
Q

what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect

A

central sulcus

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10
Q

what is the septum pellucidum

A

a thin partition that separates the 2 lateral ventricles

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11
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

c shaped white matter connecting the right and left hemispheeres

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12
Q

where i the splenium of the corpus callosum located

A

nearest to the occipital cortex

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13
Q

what causes a bend in the CNS

A

cephalic flexure

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14
Q
  1. what does dorsal ventral mean in spinal cord/brain stem?

2. waht does it mean for the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  1. post-ant

2. sup-inf

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15
Q

where are the cell bodies of origin of the corticospinal tract?

A

precentral gyrus, in the primary motor cortex

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16
Q

the corticospinal tract runs _____ in the midbrain
runs ______ in the pons
runs ________ in the medulla

A

crus cerebri
base of pons
pyramids

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17
Q

what is the superior colliculus

inf colliculus?

A

important way-station for vision

importnat for hearing

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18
Q

what is in the CNS?

PNS?

A

brain, spinal cord

spinal nerves, cranial nerves, associated ganglia

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19
Q

what are the 2 things that the PNS does?

A
  1. provides afferent sensory inputs to the CNS

2. executes the efferent motor commands/plans/programs being issued by the CNS

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20
Q

what is the motor division of the somatic NS? sensory?

A

motor: consists of motor axons that innervate striated skeletal muscle (like biceps) which are under voluntary control
sensory: sensory receptors in the skin, striated skeletal muscle, and joints-“somatosensory”

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21
Q

what does the autonomic NS control

A

involuntary muscle-cardiac and smooth muscle
glands
blood vessels

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22
Q

how does the ANS maintain homeostasis and mediate response to stress?

A

by its 2 divisions:

sympathtic and parasym

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23
Q

what function changes pupil size in response to your body’s need

A

automatic motor

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24
Q

what is the nervous system broken up into?
what is the PNS broken up into?
what are efferent (motor) broken up into?
what is the ANS broken up into?

A

PNS and CNS
afferent and efferent
somatic and ANS
parasympathetic and sympathetic

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25
Q

what is found in gray matter?

white matter?

A

groups of cell bodies

bundles of axons

26
Q

what is gray matter called in the CNS? PNS?

A

CNS: Nuclei/cortex
PNS: ganglia

27
Q

what is white matter called in the CNS/ PNS?

A

CNS: tract
PNS: nerve

28
Q

what is basal ganglia

A

gray matter in the subcortical area

29
Q

what is neurological localizatoin

A

the process of determining what part of the NS has been affected by a disease process

30
Q

what is localized function?

A

different parts of the brain have different functions

31
Q

what is a major exception to crossing pathways?

A

cerebellar connections (control of coordiation and muscle tone) is ipsilateral

32
Q

what is a negative phenomenon?
positive phenomenon?

examples?

A

loss of function.
ex. stroke, wekness, numbness, loss of memory

inappropirate excitation
ex. seizures, loss of inhibition of motor neurons causing spsticity

33
Q

what is an example of a focal lesion?
multifocal?
diffuse?

A

single lesion: stroke, solitary brain tumor

multiple sclerosis (lesions disseminated in space and time)

systemic disease: toxin, metabolic

34
Q

where do we start development

A

at the ectoderm

35
Q

which part of the ectoderm will become the entire NS?

what becomes the skin, etc?

A

neural ectoderm = neural plate

surrounding ectoderm=surface ectoderm

36
Q

where are the neural folds? neural grooves?

A

folds: at lateral margins, inside neural crest
groove: golds approach each other (midline)

37
Q

where does the neural crest emerge from

A

the lateral margins of the neural plate

38
Q

what are the cells that line the neural groove?

what do they eventually give rise to

A

neuroepithelial cells which ultimately give rise to all the cells of the CNS

39
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

PNS

40
Q

what fuses at the midline to create the early neural tube. where does this occur

A

folds. occurs at about the level of the future spinal cord

41
Q

what are the steps to neurulation

A
  1. central ectoderm thickens and elongates to become neural plate
  2. neural plate folds at the midline and at lateral margins, inside the neural crest are neural folds. when the folds approach each other as neural groove. neural crest emerges at lateral margins of neural plate
  3. neural folds start to fuse at midline to form early neural tube. neural crest cells pinch off as neural tube closes
42
Q

what does the anterior (rostral) neural tube form?

what does the post (caudal) neural tube form?

A

future brain

future spinal cord

43
Q

what is the failure of closure of anterior neuropore?

A

anencephaly “w/o a brain”

44
Q

what is failure of closure of post neuropore?

A

spina bifida w/ exposure and possibly exrusion of cord and its surr tissues `

45
Q

what are the neural crest derivatives

A 
dorsal root ganglia
cranial nerve ganglia (5, 7, 8, 9, 10)
autonomic (visceral motor) ganglia
adrenal medulla
melanocytes
46
Q

what does the apical surface of the one-layer neural tube (caudal)’s central canal have? what is the basal surface?

A

apical surface w/ tight junctions

basal surface w/ basement membrane

47
Q

what kind of cell layer does the central canal have in the one-layer neural tube

A

one layer of pseduostratified ciliated columnar neuroepithelium

48
Q

in the 3 layer neural tube, what are the layers?

what do they eventually form?

A
  1. ependymal cells (line the central canal)
    - glial cells, NOT neurons
  2. mantel layer (future gray matter)
  3. marginal layer (future white matter)
49
Q

in the early spinal cord, what does the mantle layer enevenly proliferate into?

A

alar plate: located dorsally, sensory-gray matter

basal plate: located ventrally, motor -gray matter

50
Q

what is the dividing line of the alar and basal plate

A

sulcus limitans

51
Q

how does the alar plate and basal plate develop in the brainstem?

A

alar: laterally (floor of 4th ventricle)
basal: medially (floor of 4th ventricle)

52
Q

waht does the lateral horn gray develop from

what is its function

A 
basal plate (mantle later)
-motor in function
53
Q

where is the cephalic flexure

wehre is the cervical flexure

A

in the region of the mesencephalon

where cord meets the brain

54
Q

what does the prosencephalon become?
waht does the mesencephalon become?
what does the rhombencepalon become?

A

telencephalon, diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon, myelencephalon

55
Q

what does ocular development begin

A

w/ the outpouching of the diencephalon into the optic vesicles

56
Q 
waht does the telencephalon become?
diencephalon?
mesencephalon?
metencephalon?
myelencephalon?
A
  • cerebrum
  • thalamus, optic nerve, retina
  • midbrain
  • pons, cerebellum
  • medulla
57
Q 
what are the CSF-filled cavities for the...
cerebral hemisphers
diencephalon
midbrain
pons, medulla, and cerebellum
A

lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle

58
Q

what does the ependymal layer line in the brainstem

A

ventricles (opposed to central canal in spinal cord)

59
Q

where do sensory CN nuclei end up in the 4th ventricle? what about motor CN nuclei

A

sensory nuclei are lateral

motor nuclei are medial

60
Q

do meninges surround the optic nerve?

A

yes. cuase its CNS, not PNS niggah

61
Q

what does the calcarine fissure represent

A

the primary (striate) visual cortex

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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