Learning Theory (Memory and Forgetting) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Learning Theory (Memory and Forgetting) Deck (27)
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1
Q

The information processing (multi-store) model divides memory into three components: ________ stores a great deal of information but retains it for a very brief period of time.

A

sensory memory

2
Q

Information is transferred to STM when it becomes the _______

A

focus of attention

3
Q

The capacity of STM is limited but can be expanded by _______ related items of information

A

chunking

4
Q

The aspect of STM known as _______ is responsible for the manipulation and processing of information

A

working memory

5
Q

With _______, information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory, especially when it is elaborative

A

rehearsal

6
Q

The existence of separate stores is supported by studies on the ________ effect.

A

serial position

7
Q

According to levels of processing model, the ________ level represents the deepest level of processing and produces the greatest amount of recall.

A

semantic

8
Q

Procedural memory stores information on _______, while declarative memory mediates the acquisition of ______

A

how to do things; facts and other information

9
Q

One aspect of declarative memory, _______ memory, contains common-sense knowledge and knowledge about language and the rules of logic and inference

A

semantic

10
Q

______ memory stores information about personal experiences

A

episodic

11
Q

______ memory is sometimes classified as a component of declarative memory and refers to the ability to remember to do things in the future

A

prospective

12
Q

According to Baddeley’s multi-component model, working memory consists of four components –the ________, which acts as an “attentional control system” and coordinates the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and _______

A

central executive; episodic buffer

13
Q

Broadbent’s filter theory was the first “bottleneck” theory of attention and explains how information is transferred from ______

A

sensory memory to STM

14
Q

The accuracy of memory is affected by existing ______, or cognitive structures that can bias the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

A

schemas

15
Q

Trace decay theory predicts that memories fade over time as the result of ______.

A

disuse

16
Q

Interference theory proposes that forgetting is due either to ______ interference, which occurs when newly-learned information inhibits previously learned information, or ________ interference, which occurs when previously learned information disrupts the learning or recall of subsequent material

A

retroactive; proactive

17
Q

Research on _____ learning has shown that recall of information is sometimes better when the learner is in the same emotional state during learning and recall

A

state-dependent

18
Q

Mnemonic devices are memory strategies that can be either visual or verbal. The _____ involves visually associating items with a series of places already in memory, while the ______ mnemonic entails forming a word from the first letters of the words or phrases to be remembered.

A

method of loci; acronym

19
Q

According to Yerkes-Dodson Law, ________ levels of arousal maximize the efficacy of learning and performance

A

moderate

20
Q

A person with deficits in prospective memory will have trouble:

A

remembering a future meeting with a co-worker

21
Q

A research participant remembers a list of unrelated words by envisioning each item in a different location in her living room while memorizing and then recalling the list (e.g., one item on the TV, one under the coffee table, one on the chair). This is referred to as:

A

method of loci

22
Q

As conceptualized in Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) multi-component model, the ________ is responsible for directing attention to relevant sensory information.

A

central executive

23
Q

Craik and Lockhart’s (1972) levels-of-processing model:

A

implies that elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal.

24
Q

Echoic is to iconic as:

A

auditory is to visual

25
Q

In high school, Stuart S. took Spanish for four years and, as a result, became a pretty good speaker of Spanish. During his first year of college, Stuart took French and, at the end of the year, he found that he had trouble remembering many Spanish words. This is best explained by what?

A

retroactive interference

26
Q

Sensory memory:

A

holds a large amount of sensory data for a brief period.

27
Q

Studies on the “serial position effect” have provided information on:

A

primacy and recency effects

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