Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The way in which we acquire new behaviors

Question 2

Stimulus

Answer 2

Anything that an organism can respond to

Question 3

Habituation

Answer 3

The decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

Question 4

Dishabituation

Answer 4

The recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred

Question 5

Associative Learning

Answer 5

The creation of pairing between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response. Can be divided into classical condition and operant conditioning

Question 6

Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

Credited to Pavlov; creating associations between two unrelated stimuli; taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditional stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Neutral stimuli

Answer 7

Stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

The process of conditioning a neutral stimulus into inducing a reflexive response

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Habituation to the conditioned stimulus

Question 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

After extinction, the condition response will sometimes occur weakly to the conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

A stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus will produce the conditioned response

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

The distinguishing between two similar stimuli, so that one does not cause the conditioned response

Question 13

Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

Linking voluntary behaviors with consequences to alter the frequency of these behaviors; credited to B.F. Skinner, father of behaviorism

Question 14

Reinforcement

Answer 14

Increasing the likelihood of a behavior

Question 15

Positive reinforcement

Answer 15

Adding a positive consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 17

Escape learning

Answer 17

Learning to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists

Question 18

Avoidance learning

Answer 18

Learning to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

Question 19

Primary reinforcer

Answer 19

A reinforcer that an organism responds to naturally

Question 20

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 20

A reinforcer that has been conditioned as a stimulus to allow the organism to respond

Question 21

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 21

A stimulus that indicates that reward is potentially available

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior

Question 23

Positive punishment

Answer 23

Adding an unpleasant consequence to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 24

Negative punishment

Answer 24

Removing a pleasant stimulus or something otherwise positive to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 25

Fixed-Ratio schedule

Answer 25

Reinforcing a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

Question 26

Variable-Ratio schedule

Answer 26

Reinforcing a behavior after a varying number of performances of that behavior; fastest for learning and most resistant to extinction

Question 27

Fixed-Interval schedule

Answer 27

Reinforcing a behavior the first time it is performed after a specified time period has elapsed; least effective

Question 28

Variable-Interval schedule

Answer 28

Reinforcing a behavior the first time it is performed after a varying time period has elapsed

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

The process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors in order to achieve a complex behavior

Question 30

Latent Learning

Answer 30

Learning that occurs without a reward but is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

Question 31

Problem Solving

Answer 31

Analyzing the problem or situation in front of you and take decisive action to solve the problem

Question 32

Preparedness

Answer 32

The predisposition to learn behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors

Question 33

Instinctive Drift

Answer 33

The difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors; even if overcome, animals will slowly return to their instinctual behaviors

Question 34

Observational Learning

Answer 34

The process of learning a new behavior by watching others; uses mirror neurons

Question 35

Mirror neurons

Answer 35

Neurons that fire when performing an action, when observing someone else perform a reaction, when we experience an emotion, and when we observe someone else experiencing an emotion; are part of learning by imitation

Question 36

Modeling

Answer 36

Learning through observing and imitating others

Question 37

Insight Learning

Answer 37

Solving a problem using the skills of the past; the “aha” moment