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Flashcards in Language through Emotion Deck (83)
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1
Q

Metacognition

A

thinking about thinking

2
Q

Stroop effect

A

ex: hard to say “red” if the word is written in blue ink

shows that many of the steps of reading become automatic –dont need to worry about the mechanics

3
Q

Nonanalog representation

A

don’t have things in common with what they represent

ex: the sound “cow” doesnt have anything to do with an actual cow

4
Q

Nonanalog representation

A

don’t have things in common with what they represent

ex: the sound “cow” doesnt have anything to do with an actual cow

5
Q

Nonanalog representation

A

don’t have things in common with what they represent

ex: the sound “cow” doesnt have anything to do with an actual cow

6
Q

symbolic representation

A

also known as nonanalog representation

representation has nothing in common with what it represents

7
Q

Indeterminacy of translation

A

inability to ever fully translate the meaning of a word from one language to another

demostrated by the gavagai (quine) problem

8
Q

Gavagi (quine) problem

A

hunting with natives and they point to a rabbit and yell “gavagi” how do you know the semantic (actual meaning) of the word?

the word could mean many different things

9
Q

Representation

A

transformation process from physical energy to sensation to perception to high level information which leads to “meanings”

10
Q

Language

A

the expression and communication of thoughts and feelings by means of vocal sounds or any other symbolic coding system

11
Q

Can other species obtain language?

A

evidence suggests that only humans can attain language

animals can learn words and rudimentary preposition thought, but cannot create syntactic structures like humans

12
Q

How does language differ from communication?

A

it is arbitrary
flexible (infinite ways to piece together words)
creativity (novel meanings)
interpersonal (construct language together)

13
Q

In development what comes first babies understanding language or communicating it?

A

Babies understand language first

14
Q

What are the building blocks of language?

A

Language consists of a hierarchy of units

15
Q

List the building blocks on language in order

A
Units of sound
Morphemes
Words
Phrase
Sentence
16
Q

Phonenmes

A

smallest significant unit of sound in a language

17
Q

How many phonenmes does English have?

A

40

18
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest significant unit of meaning in a language

19
Q

Content morphemes

A

a morpheme that carries the main semantic and referential content of a sentence

ex: nouns, verbs, adjectives, “talk” or “bat”

20
Q

Functional morphemes

A

a morpheme that while adding content such as time, mode, etc. also has a grammatical purpose

ex: “-ed” or “-s” or “and”

21
Q

Rules of syntax

A

the regular principles governing how words can be arranged into sentences

22
Q

Universal learner

A

after 6-8 months babies lose the ability to discriminate between phonemes in other languages besides your own

23
Q

Definitional theory of word meaning

A

the theory that mental representations of words consist of a necessary and sufficient set of semantic features

24
Q

semantic feature

A

a basic semantic category or concept that cannot be decomposed into smaller or more specific categories

25
Q

prototype theory of word meaning

A

a theory in which concepts or word meanings are formed around average or typical values

26
Q

Symbolic capacity

A

an important step in development where a person can use or respond to a system of significant symbols

the reality of an organization is socially constructed through communication

27
Q

perceptual narrowing

A

we narrow down to only detect details that are important

ex: universal learner dissappears around 12 months

28
Q

What do infants rapidly learn in language?

A

the boundaries between morphemes and words

babies are sensitive to the frequencies that follow certain sounds

29
Q

What order do children learn language?

A

learn basic word like “dog” before subordinates like “boxer” or superordinates like “animal”

30
Q

What helps children learn language?

A

other people and an understanding of syntax

31
Q

Overregulation errors and what they show

A

language rules are applied too generally, rather than learning the idiosyncracies

shows that we learn language through rules not just straight intimation

32
Q

Sign language

A

has morphenmes and grammatical rules similar to a spoken language

33
Q

Whorfian hypothesis

A

language determines how one thinks

can be used to draw our attention to certain concepts

34
Q

Abnormal language development examples

A

Blind children - learn language just as rapidly

Bilingual children - pick up both languages during the sensitivity period

No exposure to language - if goes past the sensitivity period, it is hard to learn a language

35
Q

How can we test infant speech comprehension?

A

head-turn response to sound

will the infant turn their head in anticipation to the sound?

36
Q

general intelligence (g)

A

a mental attribute that is hypothesized as contributing to the performance of virtually any intellectual task

37
Q

Hierarchy of intelligence

A

places g-factor at the top of the hierarchy

at the next level, g is split into verbal, numerical, and spatial ability

38
Q

g-factor

A

the overlap between intelligent abilities

overlap between verbal, numerical, and spatial ability

*according to Spearman

39
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

the ability to deal with new and unusual problems

40
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge and skills

41
Q

IQ

A

IQ scales performance to compare an individual to a bell shaped distribution

42
Q

Flynn Effect

A

a worldwide increase in IQ scores over the last several decades

43
Q

Does aging have a bigger affect on fluid or crystallized g?

A

Fluid g

decreased ability to respond to new situations

44
Q

Nature versus nurture and intelligence?

A

Genetics do play an important role in intelligence

See much higher levels of correlation in intelligence between biological parents and children than adopted children

45
Q

Analytical intelligence

A

the ability typically measured by intelligence tests and crucial for academic success

46
Q

Practical intelligence

A

the ability to solve everyday problems through skilled reasoning that relies on tacit knowledge

47
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

the ability to understand your own and other’s emotions and to control your emotions appropriately

48
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

Gardner theorized that there are 6 forms of intelligence

49
Q

Savant syndrome

A

supports Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences since some people are severely disabled in some intelligences, but might have exceptional musical talent

50
Q

Psychometric approach to intelligence

A

seeks to understand intelligence by scrutinizing patterns among test scores

examining how different aspects of the test are correlated and suggest subcategories of intelligence

51
Q

Building blocks of intelligence

A

mental speed and working memory capacity

52
Q

Stereotype threat

A

people conform to stereotypes about their social group

ex: women may perform poorly on a math test because of stereotypes that women are bad at math

53
Q

Motivation

A

motivation deals with what drives behavior

54
Q

Human sexual response cycle

A

1) excitement 2) plateau 3) orgasm 4) resolution

55
Q

Sexual behavior

A

is shaped by a mix of biological and cultural factors

56
Q

Differences in sexual behavior between men and women

A

Men tend to place more emphasis on physical attractiveness while women place more emphasis on social/financial status

57
Q

Drives

A

motivate us to reduce unpleasant tension states

but there are other types of motives beyond drives!

58
Q

Two common motivations beyond drives

A

1) motive to belong

2) motive to achieve

59
Q

Thermoregulation

A

homeostatic control determines some behaviors

60
Q

What is something that homeostatis heavily controls?

A

Eating habits

mechanisms maintain a set point

61
Q

Leptin

A

hormone that causes an organism to stop eating

62
Q

Response to threat

A

heavily control by biological mechanisms

autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic branch increases heart rate and respiration

kicks in fight or flight system

63
Q

Human aggression

A

aggression is triggered by complex beliefs and symbol systems

humans very highly in level of aggression due to personality, cultural setting, and evolutionary determinants

64
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

people strive for higher order needs only when lower level needs are satisfied

highest need: living to full potential

lowest need: physiological (shelter, food, sleep)

65
Q

Why are there so many signals to control for one thing like “eating’?

A

Create a backup system in case one system fails

66
Q

Difference between emotions and feelings/affects

A

Emotions are what we express to the outside world

67
Q

Feelings

A

states that are perceived

68
Q

Affects

A

general mood (ex: depression and love lingers)

69
Q

6 basic human emotions that are universally expressed

A

Joy, surprise, disgust, sadness, fear, and anger

70
Q

Emotional development

A

switch from primary to secondary emotions at around 14 months

71
Q

Secondary emotions

A

pride, hubris, self-consciousness are examples

72
Q

Regulate our emotions

A

1) Cognitive reappraisal

2) Suppression

73
Q

Cognitive reappraisal

A

top-down emotional regulation

we rationalize about a situation and calm ourselves down

74
Q

How does culture influence our emotions?

A

it changes our display rules

75
Q

Display rules

A

cultural groups norms about how to properly display emotions

76
Q

Different theories for the underlying mechanisms of emotions

A

1) James-Lange
2) Cannon-Bard
3) Schacter-Signer

77
Q

James Lange Theory of emotion

A

Emotions arise from our bodily reactions

ex: if a bear attacks us, first we have a physiological response and then we produce an emotion

(arousal and then emotion)

78
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

A

Both emotions and bodily reaction are caused by brain activity triggered by a stimulus

79
Q

Schacter Signer

A

emotion arises from the way we interpret our bodily reactions (arousal then interpretation then emotion)

80
Q

Emotions and attention

A

emotions can change our attention

joy can broaden our attention

negative emotions makes us focus in on things

81
Q

Emotions and memory

A

Strong emotions promote memory

ex: flashbulb memory

82
Q

Affective neuroscience

A

a field that uses cognitive neuroscience research methods to study emotion and related processes

83
Q

Garden path

A

ambiguity in sentence construction that leads a reader towards a meaning that seems familiar at first, but in reality is conveying something different