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PCE - Multisystem conditions > Lab values > Flashcards

Flashcards in Lab values Deck (29)
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1
Q

Normal levels of sodium

A

135-145 mmol/L

2
Q

Name, Cause and result of decrease sodium levels

A

Hyponatremia

Cause: from skin, kidneys, gut

Result: weakness, postural hypotension, syncope, weight loss, cardiovascular changes, decreased skin turgor, headache, confusion, muscle spasm, seizure

3
Q

Name, Cause and result of increased sodium levels

A

Hypernatremia

Cause: increased intake, decreased excretion

Result: signs and symptoms of dehydration including edema, pulmonary edema, hypertension, effusions

4
Q

Normal potassium levels

A

3.4-5.2 mmol/L

5
Q

Name, Cause and Result of reduced potassium levels

A

Hypokalemia

Cause: alkalosis, renal failure, diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics

Result: weakness, nausea, vomiting, fainting, palpitations, hypotonia, confusion, depression, arrhythmias, alkalosis

6
Q

Name, Cause and Result of increased potassium levels

A

Hyperkalemia

Cause: catabolism, acidosis, renal failure

Result: minimal symptoms but can lead to cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation

7
Q

Normal calcium levels

A

2.1-2.6 mmol/L

8
Q

Name, Cause and Result of decreased calcium levels

A

Hypocalcemia

Cause: vitamin D deficiency, acute pancreatitis, low blood albumin/magnesium, increased urine excretion, respiratory acidosis)

Result : prolonged QT on ECG

9
Q

Name, Cause and Result of increased calcium levels

A

Hypercalcemia

Cause: malignancy, Paget’s disease, osteoporosis, immobilization, renal failure)

Result: stones (kidney), groans (general pain), bones (muscular weakness and subsequent bone loss), thrones (constipation) & psychiatric overtones (decreased cognition), shortened QT on ECG

10
Q

Normal magnesium levels

A

0.7-1.0 mmol/L

11
Q

Name, Cause and Result of decreased magnesium levels

A

Hypomagnesemia

Cause: diarrhea, renal disease, chronic alcoholism)

Result: muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tremor, overall weakness

12
Q

Name cause and result of increased magnesium levels

A

Hypermagnesemia

Cause: renal failure, excessive intake

Result: nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness

13
Q

Levels of:

Fasting glucose -

Impaired glucose tolerance

Diabetes mellitus

A

fasting 3-5.5 mmol/L

5.5-7.8 impaired glucose tolerance

> 7.8 diagnostic of diabetes mellitus

14
Q

Name and result of increased glucose levels

A

Hyperglycaemia

  • thirst, polyuria, dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia, drowsiness
15
Q

Name and result of decreased glucose levels

A

Hypoglycaemia

  • fatigue, confusion, detachment, ataxia, blurred vision, dizziness, paresthesia, hemiparesis, convulsions, coma
16
Q

Normal albumin levels

A

36-50g/L

17
Q

Cause and result of decreased albumin

A

Cause: malnutrition, malabsorption, severe liver disease, renal disease, GI conditions causing excessive loss, thyrotoxicosis, chemotherapy, Cushing’s disease

Result: edema

18
Q

Cause of increased albumin

A

relative increase with hemoconcentration (ie. severe loss of water)

19
Q

Normal RBC levels

A

♂ 4.5-6.5 / ♀ 3.5-5.8 ( x 1012/L)

20
Q

Result of decreased RBCs

A

anemia, leukemia, hemorrhage, chronic infection

21
Q

Result of increased RBCs

A

polycythemia, renal disorders, decreased plasma volume (ie. severe burns, shock, vomiting)

22
Q

Normal hemoglobin levels

A

♂ 13-18 / ♀ 12-16

23
Q

Cause and result of decrease hemoglobin

A

Cause: anemia, hyperthyroidism, liver/kidney disease)

result: fatigue, dizziness, headache, lack of concentration

24
Q

Cause of increased hemoglobin levels

A

hemoconcentration disorders (ie. burns, polycythemia, COPD, CCF)

25
Q

Normal WBC levels

A

4.0-11.0 (x 109/L)

26
Q

Result of decreased WBC levels

A

increased risk of bruising, use appropriate infection control, may fatigue easily

27
Q

Normal levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

A
  • Neutrophils – 2.5-7.5
  • Lymphocytes – 1-3.5
  • Monocytes – 0.2-0.8
  • Eosinophils – 0.04-0.4
  • Basophils – 0.01-0.1
28
Q

Normal platelet levels

A

150-400 ( x 109/L)

29
Q

Cause and results of decrease platelet levels

A

Cause: Thrombocytopenia (toxic effects of drugs (ie. chemotherapy), allergies, anemias, viral infections)

Result: spontaneous bleeding and bruising