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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Lab exam #3 > Flashcards

Lab exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Epididymis

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2
Q
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Prostate

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3
Q
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External urethral orifice

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4
Q
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Anus

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5
Q
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Cervix

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6
Q
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Membranous urethra

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7
Q
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Fundus

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8
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9
Q
A

Prostate

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10
Q
A

Prostatic urethra

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11
Q
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Scrotum

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12
Q
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Seminal vesicle

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13
Q
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Clitoris

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14
Q
A

Uterine tube

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15
Q
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Spermatic cord

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16
Q
A

Posterior fornix

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17
Q
A

Spongy urethra

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18
Q
A

Testes

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19
Q
A

Epididymis

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20
Q
A

Urethra

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21
Q
A

Bulb of penis

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22
Q
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Prostate

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23
Q
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Urethral orifice

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24
Q
A

Fundus

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25
Q
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Clitoris

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26
Q
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Prostatic urethra

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27
Q
A

Labia minor

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28
Q
A

Body of uterus

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29
Q
A

Corpus cavernosum

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30
Q
A

Extenal OS

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31
Q
A

Vagina

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32
Q
A

Spongy urethra

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33
Q
A

Corpus spongiosum

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34
Q
A

Clitoris

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35
Q
A

Ductus deferens

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36
Q
A

Labia majora

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37
Q

Acidified whole milk turns into curds (solid casein) with the presence of the enzyme ______

A

rennin

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38
Q

An _______ is a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical digestion of macromolecules

A

enzyme

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39
Q

Are enzymes lipids?

A

No, they are proteins

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40
Q

Big crystals are indicative of

A

kidney stones

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41
Q

Bilirubin dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: Negative Reason: should be processed by liver Clinical: bilirubinuria: liver dysfunction or bile duct obstruction.

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42
Q

Blood dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: negative Reason: size exclusion Clinical: hematuria: massive hemolysis, bleeding in urine, and menstrual cycle, UTI, trauma,

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43
Q

Clinical: hematuria: massive hemolysis, bleeding in urine, and menstrual cycle, UTI, trauma, etc. These are possible if what is present in urine?

A

Blood

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44
Q

Crystals are _______ sediments

A

unorganized

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45
Q

Curdling separates casein from the _____ and ____ fats

A

carbs and fats

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46
Q

Denaturation varies with what?

A

Temperature, pH, and salinity

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47
Q

Dipstick test: Unfortunately, Pretty People Look Kinda Bitchy But Never Suck Guys

A

Urobilinogen, Protein, Ph, Leukocytes, Ketone, Blood, Bilirubin, Nitrite, Specific gravity, Glucose

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48
Q

Does the odor of urine vary?

A

Yes

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49
Q

Enzymes convert the _____ into ______

A

converts the substrate into products

50
Q

Enzymes work best at the _______ pH of that specific location of the body

A

physiological (i.e the stomach is normally acidic so if it becomes more basic, the enzymes in the stomach won’t work as well)

51
Q

Glucose dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: negative Reason: 100% of glucose should be reabsorbed in PCT Clinical: Glycosuria = mellitus

52
Q

H2O + Starch —Amylase—> _______

A

Maltose

53
Q

How many molecules of glucose are there in maltose?

A

Two

54
Q

Identify

A

Anterior Fornix

55
Q

Is cellulose a disaccharide?

A

No, it’s a polysaccharide

56
Q

Is maltose a di or mono sugar?

A

Disaccharide

57
Q

Is the shape of the enzyme critical in its ability to act as a catalyst?

A

Yes

58
Q

Ketone dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: negative Reason: keton bodies are not a product of a healthy metabolism Clinical: ketonuria: only made when we metabolize fats and proteins…eating disorders, trying to lose weight, and symptoms of starvation

59
Q

Kidney stones are also called _____ _____

A

renal calculi

60
Q

Leukocytes dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: Negative Reason: filtration is based on size exclusion Clinical: UTI/ WBC’s migrate…creates pyuria (pus)

61
Q

List the four main macromolecules

A

Carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

62
Q

Maltose becomes glucose with which enzyme?

A

Maltase

63
Q

Nitrite dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: negative Reason: bacteria present if products of microbial metabolism Clinical: UTI

64
Q

Organized sediments are made of _____ such as WBC’s, RBC’s, and _____

A

cells; epithelial

65
Q

Ph dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: ~6.0

66
Q

Protein dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: negative Reason: size exclusion Clinical: proteinuria: UTI; proteins can be released to maintain osmolarity, cancer, or a false positive can be from the presence of sperm in urine

67
Q

Specific gravity dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: 1.001-1.035 max (sea salt: 1.025 for ref.) Reason: – Clinical: Solutes in urine increase specific gravity (Na, calcium, electrolytes)

68
Q

The 10 _____ test is a test that tests different levels in your urine

A

dipstick

69
Q

The amino acid test detects the digestion of ______

A

proteins

70
Q

The carbohydrate is the ______ and sugar is the _____

A

substrate; product

71
Q

The filtration membrane filters molecules in the blood plasma based on ____

A

size

72
Q

The pH meter is ________ and the color change is ________

A

quantitative and color change is qualitative

73
Q

Urobilinogen dipstick test results, reasoning, and clinical?

A

Normal result: 0.1-2mg/dl (too high and too low is problematic) Reason: bilirubin broken down into urobilinogen is reabsorbed and removed by the liver and kidneys Clinical: Too high = hemolysis (bad transfusion) or sickle cell anemia. Too low: liver is low in bile

74
Q

Use an enzyme to precipitate casein, leaving the lactose and lipids in the solution. Which enzyme do you use?

A

Rennin

75
Q

What 10 things does the dipstick test for?

A
  1. Leukocytes 2. Nitrite 3. Urobilinogen 4. Protein 5. Ph 6. Blood 7. Ketone 8. Specific gravity 9. bilirubin 10. Glucose
76
Q

What are some examples of larger molecules that remain in the blood vessels and cannot go through the filtration membrane?

A

Proteins (albumin) and cells (RBC, WBC)

77
Q

What are some size excluded molecules?

A

Proteins, RBCS, WBCS

78
Q

What are the subunits of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

79
Q

what are two examples of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

80
Q

What condition occurs when we metabolize fats and proteins?

A

Ketonuria

81
Q

What increases in urine with an increase of solutes?

A

specific gravity

82
Q

What is centrifugation?

A

Spinning samples to separate/collect heavy particles

83
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The breakdown of large food molecules into smaller subunits for absorption into the GI tract

84
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Destruction of the original shape of the enzyme

85
Q

what is size exclusion?

A

Refers to particles or molecules that are too large to pass through the filtration membrane

86
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Table sugar

87
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

The location on the enzyme where the substrate binds and a catalytic response occurs

88
Q

What is the chemical reaction for breaking down trigs?

A

Triglycerides + H2O —Lipase—> 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

89
Q

What is the chemical reaction for triglycerides?

A

Lipids + H2O —–> Triglycerides

90
Q

What is the enzymatic reaction of protein with pepsin?

A

Casein —Pepsin—-> amino acids (product)

91
Q

What is the healthy range for urobilinogen?

A

0.1-2mg/dl (deciliter)

92
Q

what is the main monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

93
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

approximately 6

94
Q

What is the subunit for carbohydrates?

A

polysaccharides, sugar

95
Q

What is the subunit for lipids?

A

Fatty acids

96
Q

What is the subunit for protein?

A

amino acids

97
Q

What needs to happen to the crystals in order to view them under a microscope?

A

They need to be stained by a reagent….they do not bind and appear reflected

98
Q

When ninhydrin reacts with an amino group, what color does the solution change to? What needs to be present for the color to appear?

A

Dark purple with the presence of heat

99
Q

Which different tests can indicate a possible UTI?

A

Blood, Leukocytes, Nitrite, and Protein

100
Q

Which enzymes go with carbs

A

amylase

101
Q

Which enzymes go with lipids

A

Lipase

102
Q

Which enzymes go with nucleic acids

A

Nuclease

103
Q

Which enzymes go with proteins

A

Protease

104
Q

Which molecules are able to pass through the filtration membrane?

A

H2O, glucose, vitamins, electrolytes, and amino acids, and nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid

105
Q

Which reagent do you use to perform the amino acid test?

A

Ninhydrin

106
Q

Which test can indicate liver dysfunction or bile duct obstruction if positive?

A

Bilirubin

107
Q

Which test can indicate possible starvation if they are present in the urine?

A

Ketones

108
Q

Which test indicates reabsorption issues in the PCT if the result is positive?

A

Glucose

109
Q

Which type of structure do enzymes have?

A

3D

110
Q

Whole milk has a complete source of ______

A

nutrients (fats, proteins, carbs)

111
Q

Would a pH level of 5.8 in urine be abnormal?

A

No

112
Q

Would a pH level of 9.1 in urine be abnormal?

A

yes

113
Q

Yellow is a normal color of urine due to _______

A

urochrome

114
Q

_____ is a clear liquid waste produced by the kidneys

A

Urine

115
Q
A

Infundibulum

116
Q
A

Ovary

117
Q
A

Uterine tube

118
Q
A

Infundibulum

119
Q
A

Uterine tube

120
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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