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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Lab exam #2 > Flashcards

Lab exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

When the valves stiffen, this is called ____

A

stenosis

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2
Q

“Maximum amount of air that can be moved in the lungs in the largest breath”

A

Vital capacity

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3
Q

What is the average resting heart rate?

A

75bpm

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4
Q

If your blood type is O+, which antibody(s) is present?

A

αA and αB

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5
Q

If you have the antibody B floating in your plasma, what blood type are you? (ignore Rh factor)

A

A

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6
Q

“Amount of air that cannot be forced from the lungs”

A

Residual volume

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7
Q

What does E encompass?

A

E encompasses the IRV, TV, and ERV, which is Vital Capacity.

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8
Q

If your blood type is B+, which antibody(is) is present?

A

αA

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9
Q

What is the most common blood type?

A

(in the world: A +) (In USA: O-) (need to ask prof. which one he meant)

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10
Q

People that are hypo-reactive will….

A

Maintain a relatively stable Bp in cold…neither sys/dia will go above baseline by more than 22mmhg

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11
Q

Apical pulse pressure is taken…

A

Taken at the heart (count the number of Lub-dups)

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12
Q

In pregnancy, why does the αRh diffuse and not the αA or αB?

A

Because the Rh molecules are smaller

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13
Q

Name the two tools used to measure BP

A

Stethoscope and sphygmomanometer

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14
Q

How do you find pulse pressure?

A

Systolic minus diastole

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15
Q

___ = TV + IRV + ERV

A

VC (vital capacity)

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16
Q

Your blood type is determined by ______, but decided by_______

A

determined by antigens, but decided by genetics

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17
Q

What are the three primary predictors of vital capacity?

A

Height, age, and gender

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18
Q

blood antigens are a type of ______

A

glycoprotein

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19
Q

What is floating in your plasma, antigens or antibody’s?

A

Antibody’s

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20
Q

“Volume of air inhaled or exhaled at rest” this describes…..

A

Tidal volume

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21
Q

What is the average TV at?

A

.500L

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22
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation occurs when the ____ valves close

A

Sl

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23
Q

In the lab, what’s one way to determine blood type?

A

The technician will use antibodies on the patient’s blood to see what agglutinates.

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24
Q

If your blood type is AB-, list all the antigens and alphas

A

Antigen: A and B Antibody: αRh

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25
Q

The Lub sound you hear occurs when ____ valves close

A

AV

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26
Q

What does C indicate?

A

C indicates TV + IRV which equals the inspiratory capacity.

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27
Q

What does it mean to auscultate?

A

To hear and listen to the heart valves opening and closing

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28
Q

Blood type youtube video

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfZhb6lmxjk

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29
Q

What does the residual volume prevent?

A

Prevents the lungs from collapsing

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30
Q

If your blood type is O-, which antibody(s) is present?

A

αA, αB, and αRh

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31
Q

If your blood type is B-, which antibody(s) is present?

A

αA and αRh

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32
Q

If your blood type is positive which Rh factor do you have?

A

The Rh antigen

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33
Q

“volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond tidal volume”

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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34
Q

Why can O- people only receive blood from O-?

A

Because all other blood types have an antigen attached to their blood cells. O- has αA, αB, and αRh, which means any other blood type given would cause O- ‘s antibodies to attach and destroy the antigens it was just given. O- has no antigens, so the donor can only be another O-

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35
Q

What is the equation for finding MAP?

A

MAP = 2/3(DIA) + 1/3 (SIA)

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36
Q

How do you prevent hemolytic disease of newborns?

A

Mom receives an injection that binds to the antigens of the fetus so the mom’s antibodies cannot attach.

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37
Q

Atherosclerosis is the build up of _____ on the walls, leading to the stiffening of the arteries which is called ______

A

plaque; arteriosclerosis

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38
Q

A positive or negative blood type indicates the presence or absence of what on the red blood cell?

A

The Rh antigen

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39
Q

the suffix “itis” indicates _______

A

inflammation

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40
Q

Chronic high blood pressure can lead to ______

A

atherosclerosis

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41
Q

You listen at the ____ intercostal space to hear the AV valves

A

5th

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42
Q

What does pulse deficit indicate?

A

Indicates something is wrong with the heart or cardio system

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43
Q

When measuring bp, how do you find your systolic measurement?

A

After you occlude the artery, slowly start to deflate the cuff. When you hear the first korotkoff sound, look at the sphygmomanometer. The number with the first sound is your systolic.

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44
Q

Make sure measurements are with 3 decimal places…

A

(-:

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45
Q

What are the secondary factors that can predict VC?

A

Pulmonary diseases, fitness level, and the quality of the air

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46
Q

Remember to always write your ______ after the answer or he’ll mark it wrong

A

measurement (mmhg, bpm, etc.)

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47
Q

Assume that RV is _____L

A

1.00L

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48
Q

Calculate the MAP for 120/90

A

100mmhg

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49
Q

500mL = ___ L

A

.500L

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50
Q

______ pressure happens when the elastic arteries recoil

A

Diastolic

51
Q

What is arteriosclerosis

A

the thickening and hardening of arterial walls

52
Q

Calculate the MAP for 135/95

A

108.3mmhg

53
Q

How many blood types are there?

A

8

54
Q

What is MVV?

A

Maximal Voluntary Volume

55
Q

chronic restrictive diseases are due to what?

A

Due to decreased lung elasticity and/or impaired respiratory muscles

56
Q

Which intercostal space do you listen at to hear the AV valves?

A

5th

57
Q

______: the difficulty to exhale due to increased resistance in airway

A

COPD

58
Q

Another youtube video on blood types

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aQ21iwx9cA

59
Q

What would cause the hemolytic disease of a newborn child?

A

If the mother has a negative blood type, this means she carries the αRh. If the fetus in the womb happens to have a positive blood type, this means they have the Rh antigen. Mom’s αRh will diffuse into the placenta and be absorbed into the fetus’ body, and attach to the child’s Rh antigen, marking them for destruction and causing anemia.

60
Q

Blood type incompatibility causes what?

A

Massive release of hemoglobin and iron into the blood stream, which can cause renal failure

61
Q

If your blood type is A+, list all the antigens and alpha’s in the body.

A

Antigens: A and Rh. Antibody: αB

62
Q

_____ pressure is the pressure during the ventricular ejection

A

Systolic

63
Q

The Dup sound occurs when you hear ___ valves close

A

SL

64
Q

You listen at the ___ intercostal space to hear the SL valves

A

2nd

65
Q

What is pulse deficit?

A

A large difference between apical and superficial Pulse pressures. Defined when apical is faster due to the elastic arteries being closer to the heart

66
Q

If your blood type is AB+, list all the antigens and alphas

A

Antigen: A, B, and Rh Antibody: zero

67
Q

If you have the antigen A on your RBC’s…..what blood type are you? (ignore Rh factor)

A

A

68
Q

Which valve is on the left side of the of the 2nd intercostal space and which one is on the right side of the 2nd intercostal space?

A

Pulmonary is on the left; aortic on the right

69
Q

Blood type is determined by the blood _____

A

antigen

70
Q

For measuring BP, inflate the cuff to ______ mmhg to occlude the _______ artery

A

160 mmhg / brachial artery

71
Q

What does A indicate?

A

Tidal Volume

72
Q

The Rh antigen is named after the _____ monkey

A

Rhesus

73
Q

When measuring bp, how do you find your diastolic measurement?

A

After you hear your first korotkoff sound, keep slowly deflating until you no longer hear the sounds. The last korotkoff sound is your diastolic measure.

74
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The numeric difference between your systolic and diastolic measurement

75
Q

Tip for remembering antigen/antibody

A

use/say “α” or “alpha” when using antibody. Instead of constantly saying antibody and antigen together, using alpha will create less confusion. Example: “Blood type B has the antigen B and the α-A (reads as “alpha A”)

76
Q

______ is any foreign molecule that provokes an immune response

A

antigen

77
Q

O is a ______ gene, while A and B are _______ genes

A

recessive; dominant

78
Q

What is the average diastolic pressure?

A

80mmhg

79
Q

Blood type is a ____ antigen

A

self

80
Q

What is the average pulse pressure?

A

40mmhg

81
Q

Who is the universal donor and why?

A

O- because their blood cells have no antigens on them, the receivers antibody’s have nothing to attach to.

82
Q

__ = ERV + RV

A

FRC (Functional residual capacity)

83
Q

If the patient is hypertensive, inflate the cuff high than 160 mmhg. T or F?

A

True

84
Q

Who is the universal receiver and why?

A

AB+ because their plasma lacks any antibody’s that would attach to the donors blood

85
Q

___ = TV + IRV

A

IC (Inspiratory Capacity)

86
Q

Emphysema and bronchitis are are ca-tigories of ______

A

COPD

87
Q

If you hear a whooshing sound when listening to a patient’s heart, what is that indicative of?

A

Incompetent valves: the sound you hear is the blood rushing backwards due to the valve not closing properly.

88
Q

Treatment of blood type incompatibility?

A

Antihistamines reduce inflammation, and drugs to increase BP.

89
Q

In Blood type testing, why would 3 drops of A+ blood agglutinate with 3 drops of a solution containing αA

A

Because A+ has Antigen A, mixing it with a solution containing αA would cause the αA to bind to the specific A antigen.

90
Q

What does F encompass?

A

F encompasses the IRV, TV, ERV, and RV. This is Total Lung Capacity.

91
Q

What does D indicate?

A

D indicates Functional Residual Volume, which is the RV and ERV added.

92
Q

“volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal wave”

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

93
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

94
Q

People that are hyper-reactive will…

A

Will have increased values of either sys or dia by < or = to 23mmhg

95
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis and muscular dystrophy can be caused by—-

A

chronic restrictive diseases

96
Q

What does B indicate? What is important to remember?

A

B indicates the residual volume. It is important to remember that the lungs can collapse if we didn’t have a residual volume of air we were unable to exhale

97
Q

The ____ valve, at the apex of the heart, closes slightly before the _____ valve

A

Mitral valve closes slightly before the tricuspid valve

98
Q

Lub-Dub or Lub Dup?

A

Dup

99
Q

If he asks a trick question about COPD, remember that even though COPD is characterized by the difficulty to exhale, people describe it/it feels like it is hard to inhale and “catch” your breath due to inflammation

A

(-:

100
Q

___ = TV + ERV

A

EC (Expiratory Capacity)

101
Q

What is the average systolic pressure?

A

120mmhg

102
Q

The difficulty to inhale is under the category……

A

Chronic restrictive diseases

103
Q

What are the two types of pulse pressure?

A

Apical and superficial

104
Q

What is the theory for measuring blood pressure?

A

Blood moving through a partially closed vessel makes a soft tapping sound which is called korotkoff. Korotkoff sounds indicate the resumption of blood flow back into the forearm

105
Q

Superficial pulse pressure is taken…

A

Taken in the peripheral arteries

106
Q

“maximum amount of air in lungs after a normal expiration”

A

Expiratory capacity

107
Q

“Amount of air in lugs after a normal expiration”

A

Functional residual capacity

108
Q

What is FEV?

A

Forced expiratory volume

109
Q

If you hear a high pitched screech or clicking sound when listening to a patients heart, what is that indicative of?

A

Stenosis; caused by the hardening/stiffening of valves

110
Q

COPD is the difficulty to _____ while CRD is the difficulty to _______

A

exhale; inhale

111
Q

What are symptoms of blood type incompatibility?

A

Fever, chills, red or pink urine, and renal failure

112
Q

The average TLC in men is ____ and ____ in women

A

~6.0L in men and ~5.5L in women (He wrote 6.0L on the board but double check if he wants 6.0L or 6.000L on the test…same with 5.5 or 5.500L for women)

113
Q

Isovolumetric contraction occurs when the ___ valves close

A

AV

114
Q

Besides a stethoscope, you also need a _______ to measure BP. (Misspelling = docked points)

A

Sphygmomanometer

115
Q

____ = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

A

TLC (Total Lung Capacity)

116
Q

“The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled at the end of a normal exhale”

A

Inspiratory capacity

117
Q

The main bronchus is the first branch off of the ______

A

Trachea

118
Q

The right lung has ____ lobes divided by ____ fissures

A

three lobes; two fissures

119
Q

The left lung has ___ lobes divided by ____ fissure

A

Two lobes; one fissure

120
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung called?

A

Superior lobe and the inferior lobe

121
Q

What is the fissure of the left lung called?

A

Oblique fissure

122
Q

What are three lobes of the right lung called, in order from top to bottom

A

Superior, Middle, and inferior

123
Q

What are the two fissures of the right lung called?

A

Horizontal fissure and oblique fissure (Horizontal one is superior to oblique

124
Q

Which are bigger, lobar or segmental bronchi?

A

Lobar…segmental are the tertiary

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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