L22 - Reasoning Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in L22 - Reasoning Deck (16)
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1
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

A judgement that something must be true if other statements are true.

2
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

A judgement that some rule is probably true based on experience.

3
Q

What is syllogism

A

A basic reasoning puzzle: set of statements and a conclusion.

4
Q

What is a valid conclusion?

A

Logically follows from a premise

5
Q

What is a true conclusion?

A

True statement about the world

6
Q

What is a sound conclusion?

A

Valid and true statement

7
Q

In the Wason Card Selection Task, what are the options?

A

Turning A only -> affirming sufficient

Turning A and 4 -> affirming consequent

Turning A and 7 -> denying consequent (CORRECT)

8
Q

What is a confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to only look for information that supports your existing beliefs.

9
Q

What are the three theoretical approaches for human reasoning?

A

Mental Models

Mental Logics

Bayesian Reasoning

10
Q

Explain mental logics theory of human reasoning

A

Assume propositional representations

Chains of inferences, but eventually all suppositions must be rejected or accepted.

Get errors: longer chain inferences, lack/failure to apply appropriate rule or application of inappropriate rule.

11
Q

Explain mental models theory of human reasoning

A

Reasoning involves building a model of the situation and making conclusions from inspection.

One model isn’t always enough.

Errors relate to initial models.

Knowledge affects what models we will first produce.

12
Q

Explain bayesian reasoning theory of human reasoning

A

Reasoning is really about probability, not logic.

As you observe the world, you update your beliefs.

Why errors: memory constraints, misperceptions, emphasis on environmental constraints.

13
Q

What is dual process theory?

A
  1. Ancient system that relies on associative learning (default)
  2. System using working memory resources and is therefore slow and sequential
14
Q

What similarities are there between dual process theory and reasoning theories

A

Mental models and logics emphasis system 2.

Bayesian reasoning emphasise system 1

15
Q

What is the relationship between IQ and dual process theory?

A

IQ is associated with performance of system 2.

16
Q

What is the interaction between System 1 and System 2?

A
  1. always pumping out answers (heuristics and biases)

2. tries to intercept these answers