L 1 - 2 - 3 Flashcards

1
Q

define “arguments”

A

sequence of statements, one of which is a conclusion.

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2
Q

when is an argument good?

A

when its premises give a good reason to believe in the conclusion.

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3
Q

what is the difference between an argument and an explanation?

A

explanation take the conclusion as true already, an argument aims to persuade that the conclusion is true.

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4
Q

what is the absolute standard?

A

the idea that in a valid argument is strictly irrational not to accept the conclusion.

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5
Q

when is an argument said to be valid?

A

when it is impossible for its premises to be true and its conclusion to be false.

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6
Q

what is a disjunction?

A

an “or” statement, P is the case or Q is the case.

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7
Q

when is an argument sound?

A

when it is both valid and all its premises are true

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8
Q

if P then Q which is the antecedent and which is the consequent

A

P antecedent

Q consequent

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9
Q

name 4 forms of valid arguments and give examples

A
  • affirming the antecedent : if P then Q, P, then Q
  • denying the consequent: if P then Q, not Q, not P
  • transitivity, if A then C, in C then D, if A then D
  • contraposition, if A then C, if not-C then not-A
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10
Q

name 2 invalid arguments

A
  • denying the antecedent

- affirming the consequent

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11
Q

what is a conditional statement?

A

if A then C

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12
Q

converse of if A then C

A

if C then A

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13
Q

contrapositive of if A then C

A

if not-C then not-A

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14
Q

what is a biconditional statement? + example

A

conjunction of a conditional statement and its converse if A then C and if C then A
- abbreviated: A if and only if C
A is a necessary and sufficient condition for C.

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15
Q

what is a standard form

A

premises si scrivono con P1 P2, incoerente bar and conclusion = C

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