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Flashcards in Kevin’s Cards about Civilization Ideas Deck (461)
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1
Q

The Great Wall of China was one of the world’s what

A

Most massive building projects

2
Q

When did the Great Wall of China begin

A

The wall was begun in ancient times, but most of it was constructed during later centuries

3
Q

Even as people in different lands and civilizations set their sights on new goals, they seem to chose paths surprisingly consistent with what

A

Their past

4
Q

Different people at different times and places have cherished different things. They’ve had different what

A

Ideas about what’s important

5
Q

What happened during the period between 1800 and 400 B.C.

A

The rise of ideas with long-lasting effects, ideas still with us today

6
Q

What ideas did they have in China

A

The scholar Confucius, through his writing and teachings, influenced Chinese civilization for centuries to come

7
Q

What ideas did they have in India

A

The great religions of Hinduism and Buddhism emerged. These faiths are followed by more than a billion people today

8
Q

What ideas did the Hebrews have

A

They broke tradition and started to follow not many gods but one god. They left the world of unpredictable nature gods behind. (Middle East)

9
Q

What ideas did they have in Greece

A

People developed a new appreciation for the human person, human reason, and human dignity

10
Q

What was the environment in China like when Confucius first began to teach

A

China was in trouble. Peace and unity had given way to warring among small provinces. Government was corrupt. The rich lived in great houses while the poor lacked even the basic of life, like food

11
Q

How was Confucius like

A

Confucius was honest honest, fair, and loved learning. He gave China a philosophy that eventually transformed society

12
Q

Shang Dynasty: China’s first dynasty, the Shang Dynasty, ruled more than how many years

A

600 years

13
Q

Shang Dynasty: The ambitious Shang rulers did what

A

United the Chinese people

14
Q

Shang Dynasty: They kept thousands of workers busy doing what

A

Building cities with huge stamped- earth walls

15
Q

Shang Dynasty: In the cities, 100s of skilled craftsmen casted what

A

Bronze goblets, cups, and bowls. Meanwhile, scribes perfected a beautiful system of writing

16
Q

Shang Dynasty: Under the Shang Dynasty, Chinese civilization did what

A

Flourished and spread

17
Q

Zhou Dynasty: A 2nd family of rulers, called the Zhou (djoh) dynasty, came to power when

A

Around the year 1050 B.C.

18
Q

Zhou Dynasty: How did the Zhou dynasty fall and rise

A

For a while China remained unified and peaceful , but then the Zhou empire began to break down as rival lords vied for power

19
Q

Zhou Dynasty: What did the country break into

A

The country broke into multiple independent, unwary states

20
Q

Zhou Dynasty: How was the power for kings

A

A king still ruled the country, but had very little power and most power was in the states

21
Q

Zhou Dynasty: How was the environment in States

A

States fought all the time

22
Q

Zhou Dynasty: What was the countryside of China like

A

The countryside of China was filled with rich lords who kept their own armies and acted like tyrants. They attacked each other and taxed the people to pay for their wars and fine houses

23
Q

Zhou Dynasty: What were rulers actions and characteristics during the break up of the states

A

Rulers at this time were cruel and indifferent , and Rulers cared little about the common people, and justice was almost nowhere to be found

24
Q

Confucius: When and Where was Confucius born

A

Confucius was born in the time of turmoil around the year 551 B.C and his home state is in Lu

25
Q

Confucius: What is Confucius’ stories

A

According to tradition, Confucius’ father was a soldier and his mother was a young peasant woman. When he was just 3yrs old his father died. So Confucius started life in humble conditions. Nevertheless, at an early age Confucius made up his mind to become a scholar. “At 15, I set my heart on learning,” he said. He studied all the ancient writings he could get his hands on. He spent his time absorbing the history of China’s glorious past, and traveled state to state. In time, he gained a reputation as a learned man, and a group of young men began gathering around him discuss ideas and listen to what he had to say

26
Q

Confucius: How was Confucius’ behavior to teaching

A

Confucius welcomed all students who came to learn, even those so poor they had nothing to offer as payment except a package of dried meat

27
Q

Confucius: What was Confucius’ one requirement to teach

A

A pupil had to show eagerness to learn

28
Q

Confucius: What was Confucius’ real name

A

Confucius’ real name was Kong Qiu (KWANG choo). In China he came to be known as Kongfuzi (KWANG FOO-dzuh), which meant “Great Master Kong”. Most people,in the west know him as Confucius, which is Latin for Kongfuzi

29
Q

Confucius: What were the conditions Confucius lived in

A

He lived in a time of chaos

30
Q

What was happening in Rome in the 6th century B.C

A

Rome is declared a republic

31
Q

What was happening in Maya in the 6th century B.C

A

Maya civilization is flourishing in Mexico

32
Q

What were the Hebrews doing in the 6th century B.C

A

Many books of the Old Testament are first written down in Hebrew

33
Q

What was Pythagoras doing in the 6th century B.C

A

Pythagoras influences mathematics and philosophy in Greece

34
Q

What was Siddhartha Gautama doing in the 6th century B.C

A

Siddhartha founds Buddhism in India

35
Q

Confucius Teachings: What did Confucius say about living a good life

A

“The secret to a peaceful land and a good life was good character”

36
Q

Confucius Teachings: What did Confucius say about living well

A

“To live well, a person must be a gentleman”

37
Q

Confucius Teaching: What did Confucius say a gentleman was

A

“The gentleman was not one who was born rich or high position. The gentleman was one who fulfilled his duties and thought of others. He was loyal to friends. He brought rest and comfort to old people, and was kind and loving toward the young”

38
Q

Confucius Teaching: What did Confucius say about good behavior

A

“Right behavior led to a good life, and every person must try to lead a good life, for only then would all people be happy”

39
Q

Confucius Teaching: What did he say about family

A

Families, the countries’ littlest communities, could be an example for the larger community of China

40
Q

What did Confucius urged his students to do what

A

To disagree with him if they thought he was wrong, and he was never afraid to make a mistake

41
Q

What were Confucius’ standards for his behavior

A

Confucius set high standards for his behavior and said he often failed but never stopped trying

42
Q

What did Confucius long to about the injustice

A

Confucius longed to do something about the injustice and warfare in China and wanted to bring back the days of the early Zhou Kings

43
Q

What did Confucius call the golden age of government

A

When kings acted with virtue and respect

44
Q

What did Corrupt Officials fear about Confucius

A

Corrupt officials feared that if Confucius’ ideas of virtuous leaders took hold, they would soon be out of their jobs

45
Q

Why did Nobles ignore Confucius’s ideas

A

Nobles didn’t want to be bothered with having to live up to high standards, so they can usually ignored Confucius’ ideas

46
Q

Why did Confucius mainly focus on young boys

A

Confucius focused on young boys since his students were male and men served in the government

47
Q

What did Confucius say about the “Five Relationships”

A

Confucius said there are five different kinds of relationships between people. In each of these relationships, he said, there is a proper way to behave. His plan for an orderly society with a good environment was based on these relationships

48
Q

The 5 Relationships: What is the first and most important relationship

A

The relationship between parent and child is the most important of all, Confucius said. That’s because during childhood, children learn the proper way to live from their parents. According to Confucius, a person becomes a good man by first learning to be a good son, and then remaining good as he grows up

49
Q

What did Confucius say as a response to one of his students asking how to show respect

A

“Let your parents’ only worry be that you may fall sick.”

50
Q

The 5 Relationships: What is the second relationship

A

Elder Brother and younger brother

51
Q

The 5 Relationships: What is the third relationship

A

Husband and Wife

52
Q

The 5 Relationships: What is the fourth relationship

A

Ruler and Subject

53
Q

The 5 Relationships: What is the fifth relationship

A

Between friends

54
Q

What are all the relationships in order

A

Parent and child, elder brother and a younger brother, husband and wife, ruler and subject, and between friends

55
Q

What was “The Golden Rule” Confucius said

A

“Do not do to others what you do not want them to do to you”

56
Q

What was most important to Confucius

A

Learning how to live with others

57
Q

What did Confucius say was a wise man and a good man

A

“A wise man is one who understands others. A good man is someone who loves others”

58
Q

What did Confucius talk addressing religion

A

Confucius didn’t talk about any gods but talked about heaven, but didn’t explain it for he thought it couldn’t be put in words

59
Q

Confucius spent much of his career talking about what

A

Government

60
Q

What did Confucius believe about bad government

A

He believed if government was bad, people would find it hard to live good lives

61
Q

Confucius died believing what

A

He had failed

62
Q

What was the book that Confucius’ followers write about his teachings

A

Analects of Confucius

63
Q

Who was the first emperor of China

A

Qin Shi Huangdi

64
Q

What was Qin Shi Huangdi known as

A

The “Tiger of China”

65
Q

What did Qin Shi Huangdi want for the government

A

He wanted direct control of a centralized government

66
Q

What are 2 of Qin Shi Huangdi’s most famous monuments

A

The Great Wall of China and his tomb filled with clay warriors

67
Q

Confucius passed away without seeing what in the government

A

The upright ruler he sought

68
Q

How was life for China when Confucius was alive and when he died

A

Confucius lived during troubled times, and he died just as China was entering a time of even greater turmoil

69
Q

What was the era of China with feuding between rival kingdoms called

A

“The Period of Warring States”

70
Q

How did Qin Shi Huangdi come to power

A

By the year 221 B.C., a powerful warrior prince emerged in the western state of Qin. Ambitious and ruthless, he defeated neighboring warlords and seized control or all the warring Chinese states. The man took the title Qin Shi Huangdi, meaning “First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty”. The old title king, wasn’t grand enough for him

71
Q

Qin Shi Huangdi: What was something he did that was successful in his rule

A

He succeeded in uniting China and bringing order to the land

72
Q

How did Qin Shi Huangdi rule

A

Qin Shi Huangdi had very little regards to the teachings of Confucius and ruled harshly and had mighty feats earning him the title “Tiger of China”

73
Q

Qin Shi Huangdi: How much land did the emperor rule

A

The 1st emperor ruled a land that stretched from the East China Sea to the foothills of the Himalaya, north to the edges of Mongolia, and south to present-day Vietnam

74
Q

What did Qin Shi Huangdi do about the nobles who still had power

A

Even though Huangdi wanted all the power, nobles remained powerful which Huangdi knew was a threat to his supreme rule. So he forced them to leave their states and move to the imperial capital, where he could keep a close watch on them

75
Q

Qin Shi Huangdi: What did he succeed with government

A

Qin succeeded in setting up a centralized government in China, that is, a government which most of the power lay in the hands of the emperor and his court

76
Q

What was the saying that the Chinese used to describe the rule of the first emperor

A

“Strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches”

77
Q

What were problems Qin Shi Huangdi identified

A

The emperor liked nothing better than touring his realm. As he did so, he discovered other problems. He saw his subjects used many different units to weigh and measure things. He saw that people in different places used different forms of writing. The emperor realized how confusing this all was. A bag of rice weighed in one village might be given a different weight in another. Currencies were different, too. The coins of the old sates were still in use- and they were all different. Cast in bronze, they had various shapes. One was a spade and another looked like a knife, and another a cowrie shell. Money in one region couldn’t be spent in another

78
Q

How did Qin Shi Huangdi solve all the problems he saw in his empire

A

Qin Shi Huangdi ordered that everyone in the empire should use the same weights, measures, and writing. To motivate people to change from their old habits, he declared that anyone who clung on to the old ways would be guilty of treason. He also imposed a unified currency. The new imperial coins were round with a hole in the middle so they could be strung together and suspended from belts. The emperor even made a standard width for carts

79
Q

Qin Shi Huangdi: What were the origins of the first emperor

A

The first Emperor was born Prince Zheng in the state of Qin in 259 B.C. His name meant “upright” which people disagreed with

80
Q

Qin Shi Huangdi: What did the first emperor think building would do for his empire

A

The first emperor was a great builder and constructed roads and canals all across China. These, he believed, would knit together the distant corners of his realm and bring all under his control. China was looking like an empire

81
Q

Qin Shi Huangdi: What was a problem that the emperor say outside the empire

A

Another problem the emperor saw was that for centuries, nomadic northern invaders had attacked the Chinese. Riding swift horses, these fierce raiders from the area we know as Mongolia today

82
Q

In which dynasty was calligraphy created

A

The Han Dynasty

83
Q

What does calligraphy mean

A

“Beautiful Writing”

84
Q

Why has the Great Wall of China been called the “longest cemetery in the world”

A

They worked high in the mountains through 7 bitter winters and as many blistering summers. Hunger, exhaustion, and overwork killed many. For these reasons, the wall has been called “the longest cemetery in the world”

85
Q

What is the longest man made structure

A

The Great Wall of China

86
Q

What was the natural boundary of the Qin empire to the south? To the north

A

To the south was the South China Sea and to the north the Gobi

87
Q

Approximately how many miles did the Qin empire extend from north to south? From East to west

A

About 1,400 miles from north to south; about 1,200 miles East to west

88
Q

What is the latitude and longitude of the westernmost point of the Great Wall? Of the easternmost point

A

40 degrees north and 94 degrees east for the westernmost point; 40 degrees north and 125 degrees east for the easternmost

89
Q

How does the location of the Great Wall reflect the function of the wall

A

The wall is up north since it was used to protect China from the Mongolians in the north

90
Q

What do historians look in societies

A

Historians look for changes over time in societies. But, they also look for continuity - - things that stay the same

91
Q

What did the Han do when they came to the government

A

In China, people welcomed the change from the Qin to the Han dynasty. The Han kept the good features of the Qin dynasty - - such as a unified central government - - but they instituted many needed reforms. The 400 years of Han rule heralded great advances in technology, commerce, and education. Even today, most Chinese refer t9 themselves as “the people of the Han”

92
Q

How long did Qin Shi Huangdi think his dynasty would last

A

Qin Shi Huangdi thought he had founded a dynasty that would last for 10,000 generations, but less than 5 years after his death, it was replaced by the Han dynasty

93
Q

How did the Han dynasty come to power

A

Only 4 years after the 1st emperor’s death in 210 B.C., his dynasty fell in a bloody civil war. The victors in that war founded a dynasty called Han. This dynasty lasted more than 400 years

94
Q

For guidance, what did the Han dynasty ruler’s use for guidance of how to rule

A

The teachings of Confucius

95
Q

What did Confucius teach for rulers to follow

A

The role of rulers is to bring happiness to their subjects - a lesson that the Tiger of China, Qin Shi Huangdi, didn’t care to learn

96
Q

During the Han Dynasty what was the tone for public life

A

The Analects of Confucius and the great teacher’s ideas

97
Q

Han Dynasty: What lives did the emperors live

A

Some emperors lived relatively simple lives

98
Q

Han Dynasty: Rulers sought advice from who

A

They sought the advice of scholars as they governed their empire

99
Q

What did the Han dynasty do with the first emperor’s achievements

A

They built on what the first Emperor achieved and made it better

100
Q

Han Dynasty: Who became the elite of China

A

The officials of the civil service became the elite of China. These were the men who ran the empire, some in the imperial capital, some in the outlying districts

101
Q

Han Dynasty: What were their major break from the past

A

The Han made one important break from the past. They thought the conduct of powerful officials should be guided by the ideas of Confucius

102
Q

Who were allowed to be in the government

A

The Han emperors sought smart, virtuous men to help administer the government. No longer would family ties be qualification enough. A rich uncle wouldn’t be able to get a nephew a job in the government. Those who served the state should do so on merit- on the basis of their intelligence and skills. To find these gifted men, the Han emperors established a system of recommendations. All over China, local officials nominated promising young men of virtue and talent

103
Q

How were young men selected

A

Young men went to the central government to be interviewed. To be selected, they had to show the Confucian virtues of honesty, sincerity, and respect for their elders. They also had to know how to read and write

104
Q

Who sought out Confucian teachers in hope that they would gain reputation for the Confucian virtues

A

Ambitious Young men

105
Q

Han Dynasty: What did Han rulers do in 124 B.C.

A

In 124 B.C., they set up the Imperial University to teach the Confucian classics to future government officials. Later, the Confucian classics were carved in stone in the capital city. Scholars journeyed from the empire’s distant provinces to make copies of them

106
Q

What is China’s largest ethnic group

A

The Han

107
Q

What did the Han Dynasty do with territory

A

The Han dynasty didn’t wish to give up any territory gained by the Tiger. They extended the empire west toward Central Asia

108
Q

The Han Dynasty’s influences traveled farther west do to what

A

The Silk Road

109
Q

What was the Silk Road

A

The Silk Road was the most famous overland trade route of ancient times stretching across western China and Central Asia, it linked for the first time the land of Confucius with the west

110
Q

When did silk start begin to clutter along the Silk Road toward Persia

A

By 100 B.C.

111
Q

What did the Aryans do to the Indus people

A

The Aryans conquered the Indus River Valley people and introduced their own ideas on how society should be organized

112
Q

What was most likely founded in the ancient Indus River Valley

A

The Indus River peoples left thousands of soapstone seals that showed not just zebus and elephants, but a cross-legged man apparently meditating. No one knows exactly what happened to the people of the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, but the modern religion of Hinduism may have been born there

113
Q

How many followers does Hinduism have

A

800 to 900 million followers

114
Q

What are Hindu beliefs like

A

Hinduism incorporates a vast range of beliefs- a belief in many gods, as well as in one universal essence. Hindus have written great works of literature and built ornately covered temples

115
Q

How did the tradition of Hinduism emerge

A

The tradition of Hinduism emerged out of the mixing of peoples and cultures of the Indus Valley with those of Aryan- language speakers who gradually migrated into India from Central Asia and settled on the Ganges plain

116
Q

What happened after the Indus Valley River Civilization declined

A

In about 1500 B.C., the ancient civilization of the Indus Valley declined. After this, many groups of nomadic horse men and herders crossed the banks of the Indus into northern India. These tribesmen from Central Asia had no fear of war. They called themselves “Aryas”

117
Q

Where did the Aryas’ language come from

A

The Aryas’ language came from an old language at the root of many modern languages, including Persian, most European languages, and English

118
Q

Who were the Aryans

A

The Aryans were cattlemen and the lush green pastures seemed to guarantee to future for their herds, which was worth fighting for

119
Q

How were the Aryans on the battle field

A

Aryans were skilled with the bow and arrow and masters of the horse drawn chariot. On light spoke- wheeled chariots, they charged into battle

120
Q

Aryans: What happened by 1200 B.C.

A

Aryan- dominated cultures had over spread the top of the diamond that is the Indian subcontinent. They brought a new language, Sanskrit. They also brought ideas about society and religion that would last a very long time

121
Q

How did power change between the Aryan communities

A

Led by warrior chiefs, these wandering people settled in villages and established Sanskrit as the dominant tongue. Once settled in their new land, they turned for leadership less and less to the warrior chieftains who had led them in combat and more and more to their priest called Brahmans

122
Q

What does the name Arya say tell about the Central Asians

A

The name Arya (which means “of noble birth”) tell us, these Central Asians looked down on the other peoples and cultures of northern India

123
Q

What does the Sanskrit word for Caste say about the Aryans

A

The Sanskrit word for caste, varna, actually meant “color”. It’s possible that the faired-skinned Aryans believed themselves superior to the darker skinned aboriginal people of the Indus

124
Q

What were Castes

A

Castes were religious and social groupings, and over time, each caste kept more and more separate from the others

125
Q

What is the highest Hindu Caste

A

Brahmans, which are priests

126
Q

What is the second highest Hindu Caste

A

Kshatriyas, which are warriors or nobility

127
Q

What is the third highest Hindu Caste

A

Vaishyas, which are merchants and farmers

128
Q

What is the fourth highest Hindu Caste

A

Shudras, which are servants and ordinary workers

129
Q

Which class were most of the original Indus people

A

The lowest caste

130
Q

What is the lowest Hindu Caste

A

The Untouchables or Outcastes

131
Q

How was life for Untouchables

A

Untouchables had the lowliest jobs, such as sweeping the streets, and were excluded by Brahmans from the rest of society. They couldn’t drink from the same wells or live in the same neighborhoods of higher castes

132
Q

What were subcastes known as

A

Jatis

133
Q

What is the Hindu Nature God Indra

A

The thunder-armed god of storms and war

134
Q

What is the Hindu Nature God Agni

A

The hungry fire god and god of the hearth

135
Q

What is the Hindu Nature God Varuna

A

The four headed god of the skies and controller of rivers and seas

136
Q

More than 30 Hindu deities are honored where

A

In early Sanskrit hymns

137
Q

How did gods behave in Hinduism

A

Some gods were stern and vengeful while others were good-natured

138
Q

Early Aryans poets wrote hymns to their gods where

A

In the bulk of the Vedas, the oldest Hindu texts, were composed between 1400 and 800 B.C. They sing the praises of these gods and are the first sacred writings of Hinduism

139
Q

Where did Aryan settlers add ideas about caste and how to reach spiritual perfection

A

In new sacred writings, such as the Upanishads

140
Q

Hindu Teachings: What did they say about the essential self

A

The essential self of a living being, called Atman, never dies

141
Q

Hindu Teachings: What did they say about reincarnation

A

Reincarnation- the idea that when the body dies, the self is reborn, either as human or an animal

142
Q

Hindu Teachings: What did they say about the connection between life now and the next life

A

What one did in this determined one’s caste or position in the next life. If people weren’t faithful to their duty and failed to live nobly, they would be reborn in a lower caste or as an animal

143
Q

What mountain range forced the Aryans to migrate in a southeasterly direction

A

The Himalaya

144
Q

On what plain did the Aryans settle

A

The Ganges Plain

145
Q

In what direction did the Indus River Valley people flee from the Aryan conquers

A

South

146
Q

Give both the absolute and relative location of the easternmost point of the Aryan migration

A

26 degrees north and 83 degrees east; South of the Himalaya

147
Q

Hinduism blended the beliefs of what

A

Hinduism blended the beliefs of the Aryans with those of the people of the Indus Valley

148
Q

Many Hindu beliefs are spelled out in which Hindu epic poem

A

The Ramayana

149
Q

What are the three main gods of the Hindu religion

A

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

150
Q

What religions do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Hinduism

A

82%

151
Q

What religions do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Islam

A

12.12%

152
Q

What religions do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Christianity

A

2.34%

153
Q

What religions do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Sikhism

A

1.94%

154
Q

What religion do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Buddhism

A

0.76%

155
Q

What religion do Indians celebrate: What percent of the population practice Jain

A

0.40%

156
Q

Brahma is the Hindu god of what

A

He is a four-headed creator god

157
Q

Vishnu is the Hindu god of what

A

The blue-skinned preserver of the world

158
Q

Shiva is the Hindu god of what

A

The god of destruction, is often shown dancing in a fire ring

159
Q

How far did the Ganges River flow from the Himalaya to the Bay of Bengal

A

1,500 miles

160
Q

According to Hindu tradition, what is the divine source of the Ganges River

A

The god Shiva’s hair

161
Q

Hindus believe worshippers can be purified by doing what

A

Worshippers can be purified by bathing in the waters of the Ganges

162
Q

Who is the Hindu monkey god

A

Hanuman

163
Q

Who is the Hindu god with an elephant head

A

Ganesha

164
Q

What does the Hindu god Ganesha do

A

Ganesha is the remover of obstacles, who helps people get started in new enterprises

165
Q

What does Ganesha’s fat belly resemble

A

Ganesha’s fat belly symbolizes the prosperity he brings to those who worship him

166
Q

What is the legend of how Ganesha came to have an elephant head

A

Ganesha was created by Parvati, wife of Shiva. One day, while her husband was away from home, the goddess made a baby boy out of clay and named it Ganesha. She dried it in the sun, and Ganesha came to life. When Shiva returned, he found a boy guarding the house, refusing to let him in. Shiva grew angry. In a rage he chopped off Ganesha’s head. Parvati was very upset. She made Shiva promise to replace the head with the head of the first creature he could find. This was an elephant so Ganesha had an elephant head for life

167
Q

Hinduism: The lessons of the Gods nearly always stress what

A

The virtue of adherence to duty

168
Q

Hinduism: What is the most famous example of gods in human form to teach

A

The epic poem Ramayana

169
Q

Hinduism: What is the Ramayana epic about

A

The Ramayana tells the story of virtuous Prince Rama. He is said to be a form of the preserver god, Vishnu, so Rama is often pictured as having blue blue skin like Vishnu. The prince’s heroic adventures illustrate the triumph of good over evil. They also show human beings how to live a life faithful to duty by caste and gender. Around the 3rd century B.C., Hindus in ancient India were listening to the Ramayana

170
Q

Hinduism: Who is Ravana

A

Ruler of demons

171
Q

Name the 3 gods that became very important to Hindus during the first millennium B.C.

A

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

172
Q

When did the Ganges become sacred

A

When more and more Aryans settled on plains near the river

173
Q

Siddhartha Gautama was born as what

A

A prince

174
Q

What did Siddhartha Gautama do at the age 29

A

He abandoned his privileged life to practice asceticism, or self denial, with other holy men

175
Q

What did Siddhartha Gautama do at the age 35

A

He got tired of practicing self denial with holy men and began a search for another way to find the truth. During this time, he cleared his mind with meditating and thought he finally understood the truth about life

176
Q

What does Buddha mean

A

“The Enlightened One”

177
Q

Asceticism Definition

A

The practice of self denial for spiritual understanding

178
Q

When and where did Buddhism appear

A

Buddhism began in India at about the same time most people there practiced early forms of Hinduism

179
Q

What is a believe that both Hindus and Buddhist believe in

A

The on going chain of reincarnation

180
Q

How many people practice Buddhism

A

360 million

181
Q

Where is Buddhism mainly practiced

A

Asia

182
Q

Where did the story of Buddhism begin

A

In the foothills of the Himalaya in about 500 B.C.

183
Q

Which religion did the Buddha grow up with

A

He was born a Hindu in a tiny kingdom, near the sacred Ganges, in northern India

184
Q

What kind of lifestyle did the young prince Siddhartha Gautama have

A

He had a comfortable life style in the palace of his father, the king, and was often spoiled

185
Q

What did Siddhartha Gautama learn as a young prince

A

He studied languages, poetry, science, and math, and excelled at anything he undertook. He learned to ride, drive a chariot, and use a bow. He also learned how to rule a kingdom

186
Q

Most Indians followed what religion in the time of the Buddha

A

Most Indians were Hindus

187
Q

What Caste was prince Siddhartha Gautama in

A

The Caste Kshatriyas

188
Q

Did Siddhartha know how people suffered

A

No

189
Q

What happened when Siddhartha got married and had a son

A

He still had and enjoyed an easy life

190
Q

What did the Buddha explain caused suffering

A

He said suffering is caused by desire so we must overcome desire

191
Q

What did Buddha say how to free one from desire

A

Through meditation and compassion

192
Q

Where have the Buddha’s simple stories that emphasized self-restraint and compassion have been collected and called what

A

Jataka Tales

193
Q

What does Jataka tales

A

“Accounts of the Buddha’s past births”

194
Q

What does Nirvana

A

“Blowing out the flame”, or putting out what the Buddha said were inner fires of greed, hatred, and ignorance

195
Q

Nirvana depends on what

A

How someone behaves not caste

196
Q

What does the Buddha mean by saying, “By deeds a person is a Brahman; by deeds a person is an outcaste”

A

Good deeds and thoughts help a person reach Nirvana, and each must reach Nirvana through his own efforts

197
Q

Could priests help someone get into Nirvana

A

No priest could help someone get into Nirvana. In fact, the Buddha said, people didn’t need the Brahman priests. They could find the truth themselves

198
Q

How does the Buddha describe life

A

Life is a great wheel of suffering but there is an escape

199
Q

What are the 4 noble truths

A
  • The Truth of Suffering
  • The Truth of Cause of Suffering
  • The Truth of the End of Suffering
  • The Truth of the Path that Leads to the End of Suffering
200
Q

In Buddhism can you kill an animal for meat

A

No

201
Q

How did people remover the Buddha’s teachings after his death

A

After the Buddha’s death, his followers wanted to remember his teachings. For a long time they passed what they learned by mouth. Finally, 4 centuries after the Buddha’s death, his talks and stories were collected in a book of writing

202
Q

In Buddhism, what did people differ in beliefs of who the Buddha was and what he thought he was

A

Some people began to think of the Buddha as a deity but he thought of himself as only a teacher

203
Q

In Buddhism, what did people differ in beliefs of who the Buddha

A

Some think he was a teachers and some think he was a god

204
Q

How do people celebrate the Buddha in Thailand

A

Kids celebrate the Buddha’s birthday by decorating little boats with candles and flowers and at sunset, they set them afloat

205
Q

How do people celebrate the Buddha in Tibet

A

Men chant Buddhist prayers in a temple built in their own National style

206
Q

How do people celebrate the Buddha in Japan

A

Housewives offer bowls of rice before a statue of the Buddha

207
Q

What is the Buddhist symbol and what does it symbolize

A

The Buddhist symbol is the wheel of Dharma. Dharma is the teaching that Buddhist believe turns the self onto the path of Nirvana

208
Q

How did Buddhism travel to different lands

A

In the third century B.C, eager monks set out from India to spread the teachings of the Buddha

209
Q

The monks that spread Buddhism got help from who

A

From a warrior king

210
Q

Asoka was an unlikely person to do what

A

To receive the peaceful teachings of the Buddha

211
Q

Asoka was a member of which dynasty

A

Maurya dynasty, the family that ruled most of northern India

212
Q

What were the Maurya like

A

Ruthless and Successful warriors

213
Q

How did Asoka come to power

A

Asoka was one of eight brothers who fought a four-year civil war among themselves after their father died. Around 269 B.C., Asoka emerged as the victor, slaying his brothers in the struggle

214
Q

What did Asoka do in his early rule

A

During Asoka’s reign, he used the same brutality to expand the Maurya empire. Shortly after becoming emperors, he conquered the independent kingdom of Kalinga on India’s east coast. The conquest was bloody and merciless. About 100,000 soldiers died and 150,000 were kept as prisoners or as slaves

215
Q

What happened to Asoka’s heart when he changed

A

Asoka’s heart filled with remorse after all the violence and vowed to rule with righteousness. He preached goodness, compassion, and mercy to all living creatures

216
Q

What did the changed Asoka say to his people now

A

Asoka now spoke of all Indians as “my children”, and he wanted for them “every kind of welfare and happiness, both in this world and the next

217
Q

What did Asoka build: How were the hospital

A

Asoka built hospitals for people and animals, which can be used with no charge

218
Q

What did Asoka build: Why did he build roads

A

Asoka made fine roads to improve communications and trade and to spread Buddhism

219
Q

What did Asoka build: What did he do for the comfort of travelers

A

For comforts of the travelers, shade trees flanked the roads

220
Q

What did Asoka build: Who did he send down his streets

A

He sent monks on the roads to teach Buddhism

221
Q

What did Asoka build: What place of worship did he build

A

Asoka also built stupas, which are Buddhist places of worship said to contain the reflects of the Buddha or a famous Buddhist teacher

222
Q

How many stupas did Asoka build

A

84,000 years

223
Q

What did Asoka build: How were the columns like

A

Asoka made 40 to 50ft columns with carved lions atop the columns that looked toward the four corners of his large empire. Below each lion was a wheel that stood for the Buddha’s teachings. The polished sides of the pillars were inscribed with Buddhist lessons that Asoka had learned

224
Q

What are the significance of the Buddhist wheel and king Asoka’s four lions in India today

A

The Buddhist wheel appears on the flag of India and the 4 lions have became the official symbol of the modern Republic of India

225
Q

What happened with religion in India after Asoka’s death

A

Following the death of Asoka, Hinduism -not Buddhism- grew stronger among many of India’s peoples

226
Q

Who carried the Buddhist teachings farther east across the Bay of Bengal to Burma (Myanmar) and Thailand, and onto Sumatra, Cambodia, Vietnam p, and Borneo

A

Missionary Monks

227
Q

Who was Asoka’s son

A

Mahonia, became a Buddhist monk and missionary

228
Q

Where did Mahinda take the Buddhist teachings

A

To the island of Sri Lanka

229
Q

Who was the warrior and emperor of ancient India who converted to Buddhism and helped spread the Buddha’s teachings? Why did they convert

A

Asoka was the warrior and emperor who converted to Buddhism and did so because of the suffering

230
Q

What were some of his achievements and contributions to Buddhism

A

He made roads for communication, travel, and for the spread of Buddhism; Stupas; The poles near the roads

231
Q

What happened to Buddhism in India after Asoka’s death? What happened elsewhere

A

It died out while Hinduism was rising in India. In other places, monks started spreading Buddhism eastward towards China, Burma, and Vietnam

232
Q

What are at least 3 things the story about Mahinda reveals about the central Buddhist attitude toward human behavior and caste of class

A

People should be kind to others, living a simple life can make one happy, and one should treat all with respect regardless of their caste

233
Q

Western Civilization have been influenced by which groups

A

Hebrews and Greeks

234
Q

What did Hebrews introduce

A

Ideas about monotheism, justice, law, and mortality

235
Q

What did the Greeks celebrate

A

People’s ability to reason and decipher the mysteries of the world

236
Q

The Jewish people were descendants of who

A

The ancient Hebrews

237
Q

Canaan Definition

A

The ancient name for the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea; the Promised Land of the Israelites

238
Q

Covenant Definition

A

A solemn, binding agreement or promise

239
Q

Torah Definition

A

The entire body of wisdom and law contained in Jewish sacred literature and oral tradition; also, the first five books of the Hebrew Bible

240
Q

What does the Latin root Theos mean

A

God

241
Q

What are the origins of the ancient Hebrews

A

The ancients Hebrews began on the banks of the Euphrates River around the year 2000 B.C. in Sumer

242
Q

Where did the Hebrews travel go out of Mesopotamia

A

The Hebrews left the Euphrates and took a long journey west to a land on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean called Canaan

243
Q

The ideas of the Hebrew’s traveled where

A

The ideas that came from the Hebrews journey east, would effect civilizations for centuries yet to come

244
Q

Compared to others in the Middle East, how were the Hebrews

A

They weren’t as wealthy or powerful

245
Q

Followers of Judaism are known as what

A

Jews

246
Q

Who carried monotheism farther than any other group of peoples

A

Hebrews

247
Q

What are the first five books of the Bible, also known as the Torah

A

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy

248
Q

What do Christians say the Torah is

A

The Torah can also be the whole Hebrew Bible or what Christians say the “Old Testament”

249
Q

What else is the Torah known as

A

The Torah can also show the entire body of wisdom and teachings contained in Jewish sacred literature, as well as in oral tradition

250
Q

What is Abraham known as

A

The Father of the Hebrews

251
Q

What was Abraham’s original name

A

Abraham’s original name was Abram, but god changed it to Abraham for it meant “Father of many nations”

252
Q

The history of Jewish people begins with who

A

Abraham

253
Q

Who was the first person to believe in one god

A

Abraham

254
Q

When and where was Abraham born

A

Abraham was born in the city of Ur in 1800 B.C.

255
Q

What were the religious beliefs of Abraham’s family

A

Since they were in Sumer, his family believed in many Gods

256
Q

What does the History of the Hebrews tell us about Abraham

A

Abraham’s father decided to leave southern Mesopotamia and move his family northwest to a place called Heran. Beyond this, the Torah doesn’t mention his early life. This suggest that, to the Hebrews, the details of Abraham’s youth were less important than the central idea of his worship of just one God

257
Q

What did Abraham do when he moved out of Heran

A

When Abraham left Heran under God’s command, he brought family which was most likely a small tribe of herdsmen and shepherds, and may have numbered several hundred people, including relatives and servants

258
Q

How long did it take for Abraham and his family to reach the land God had chosen for them

A

Many years

259
Q

What was the land God had chosen for Abraham and his family called

A

Canaan

260
Q

Canaan was home to which people

A

Canaanites

261
Q

What happened in the Covenant

A

God said he would choose Abraham’s family as his special people. If they would worship him and him alone, God would give them the land of Canaan and make them into a mighty nation, and Abraham’s descendants would be more numerous than the stars

262
Q

Who gave birth to Issac

A

Abraham

263
Q

Who gave birth to Jacob, also known as Israel

A

Issac

264
Q

What did the story of Joseph and his brothers tell the Hebrews about God

A

God could see the past, present, and future; it showed that if his people were faithful to him, he would be just and fair to them

265
Q

Joseph and his Brothers: What did Israelites do after the famine was over

A

After the famine was over, the Israelites did not return to Canaan. They settled down in Egypt and turned to farming or herding

266
Q

In Canaan, many Hebrew farmers converted to what

A

They took up the Canaanites polytheistic religion

267
Q

What did the Egyptians do when they saw that the Hebrew population was growing

A

The Hebrew population in Egypt kept growing and the Egyptians feared they would overthrow them. To stop this, they made the Hebrews slaves

268
Q

What did the pharaoh decree when the Hebrews kept growing

A

The king made this decree, “Every boy born to the Hebrews, you must throw into the Nile.”

269
Q

What does the name Moses mean

A

“Drawn from the Water”

270
Q

How was Moses’s early life

A

Moses was born into a Hebrew family and his mother sent him own the Nile River in a basket of reeds due to the kings decree. Then, one of the Pharaoh’s daughters found him and named him Moses

271
Q

What did Moses do for the Hebrews

A

Moses led the Hebrews on the Exodus, or journey out of Egypt

272
Q

What is Passover used to commemorate

A

Passover is to commemorate the angel of death “passing over” the houses of the Hebrews

273
Q

On Passover, what do the Jewish people eat

A

They eat roasted lamb and unleavened bread just like in the Exodus

274
Q

How long did the Israelites wander through the desert of Egypt to Canaan

A

40 years

275
Q

What did Israelites learn about their god from the Exodus

A

Not only did they serve one god, the God of Abraham and Moses, but their was only one God. And that God cared mot just about how people worshipped him, but how they treated each other. God wasn’t interested only in burnt offerings or sacrifices. As the Hebrews understood, God cared more about people as ethnically beings- about how they behaved, what they thought, and how they treated others

276
Q

What was a new idea in the History of Religion, the Hebrews came upon

A

The ancient Hebrew idea of God’s ethnical expectations of humanity

277
Q

What did Moses receive from God on Mount Sinai

A

The Ten Commandments

278
Q

What is Ethical Monotheism

A

Modern-day philosophers have a name for the ancient Hebrew idea that only one God exists and that God cares about how people treat each other. They called it “ethical monotheism”

279
Q

What are ethics

A

Ethics is the study of morals in human conduct

280
Q

What did the 10 Commandments mark

A

The Ten Commandments marked an important change in the relationship between the Hebrew people and God

281
Q

What did the 10 Commandments show

A

The Ten Commandments showed that God had shared the Covenant with the entire Hebrew people, not just the leaders

282
Q

What was the difference between Egyptian gods and the Hebrew’s god

A

While the Egyptian gods were always changing their minds, the God of the Hebrews gave his law once and for all

283
Q

What was the difference between Sumerian gods and the Hebrew’s god actions and behavior

A

God was concerned and loved his people while Sumerian and Egyptian gods were selfish and cared mainly about the burnt offerings

284
Q

Sabbath Definition

A

The holy day of rest and worship in the Hebrew religion; from Friday at sundown to Saturday at sundown

285
Q

Philistines Definition

A

A seafaring people who fought against the Hebrews for control of Jerusalem

286
Q

To the Israelites, what is the land of “milk and honey”

A

Canaan

287
Q

What happened when Moses died

A

Moses died before the Israelites entered Canaan, and a new leader named Joshua took charge

288
Q

How were Joshua and Moses different

A

Joshua was very different from Moses. He had a different job to do, for now the Hebrews needed a brave soldier and general to lead them

289
Q

What did Joshua do

A

Joshua led the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan. They marched to the walled city of Jericho, besieged the city, and prayed

290
Q

What happened when Joshua blew his horn according to the Torah

A

The Torah says when Joshua blew his horn, the walls of Jericho collapsed, and the Israelites won the city. In the next 2 centuries the Israelites won all of Canaan

291
Q

What did the Philistines do

A

Powerful, nomadic people called the Philistines came from across the Mediterranean Sea and settled on the coast. Soon they were moving inland and threatening Canaan

292
Q

Why did some Israelites say that they all should join under one king

A

The Israelites needed protection from the Philistines, the Torah says, and some suggested that the tribes join under 1 king

293
Q

Why did some Israelites agree with having 1 king

A

A single king, they argued, could organize and govern all the Philistine

294
Q

Why did some Israelites disagree with having 1 king

A

Some Hebrews thought having a king is wrong saying, “God himself rules us. We do not need a king.”

295
Q

What did the Hebrew army do with the Philistines under King David

A

The Hebrew army captured the city of Jerusalem, and David made it the capital of his kingdom. The Israelites called Jerusalem “the city of David”

296
Q

What did king David love doing

A

David loved music and wrote many psalms, hymns and thred to obey God’s laws

297
Q

What did Solomon do and what is he famous for

A

Famous for his wisdom, Solomon constructed a great temple and palace in Jerusalem

298
Q

What did Solomon write

A

Solomon wrote many songs and proverbs that eventually found their way into the Torah

299
Q

What did the Israelites decide to do with their government during and after the Philistines attacked

A

The Israelites decided to unite under one ruler

300
Q

Israelites: Where did they get their ideas about government

A

They took their ideas of government from their religion. They saw a good government as one that obeyed God’s laws

301
Q

What did a good Is Israelite ruler follow

A

They believed their king must obey all of God’s laws, for if he didn’t, God would punish him and the whole nation

302
Q

Who was the Israelites’ first king

A

Saul

303
Q

How was Saul as king

A

Saul seemed to be a good choice at first but then quarrels broke out

304
Q

What did the Israelites come to believe about the temple Solomon built

A

The Israelites came to believe that the temple that Solomon built in Jerusalem was the only temple they could have. They had only one God, so they could have only one temple. This temple became the center of Hebrew worship

305
Q

What were bad things in Solomon’s rule

A

During Solomon’s rule, Hebrew tribes fought and after his death in 930 B.C., the kingdom split in two

306
Q

Israelites: When the kingdom separated what did the tribes in the south form

A

The Kingdom of Judah

307
Q

Israelites: When the kingdom separated what did the tribes in the north form

A

The Kingdom of Israel

308
Q

Who was Joshua? Why was he important to the Hebrew people

A

After Moses died, Joshua became the leader of the Hebrews. He led them in their conquest of Canaan

309
Q

Where was Canaan

A

On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Israel

310
Q

Why did the Hebrews called Canaan “The Promised Land”

A

They believed God promised they would have the land of Canaan

311
Q

How was the relationships between Hebrews and other nearby groups

A

The Hebrew people believed that Canaan was the land God had promised to them. They had to fight and pray to gain control of the land, because many people already lived there. The Hebrew people continued to fight and pray to maintain control of the land when the Philistines threatened to take it away

312
Q

After exile, Hebrews wanted to rebuild Jerusalem in which way

A

Hebrews wanted to rebuild Jerusalem and their society by keeping the news ideas alive while maintaining the old ones

313
Q

After exile, what was an idea that the Hebrews brought back

A

Synagogues

314
Q

What is the time the Hebrews spent in Babylon known as

A

The Babylonian Captivity, and it was a dark period for them

315
Q

How was the Babylonian Captivity for the Hebrews

A

They would remain in captivity, homesick and sorrowful, for the next 70 years under Babylon

316
Q

Why was the Hebrew being punished during the Babylonian Captivity

A

The whole nation was being punished, they thought, because so many of them had been faithful to God. If they returned to their faith, perhaps God would forgive them

317
Q

Who were one of the 2 greatest prophets for the Hebrews during the Babylonian Captivity

A

Two of the greatest prophets were Jeremiah and Ezekiel. Their teachings helped hold the Hebrew together

318
Q

What did Ezekiel remind the Hebrews

A

Ezekiel reminded them of their responsibility to the law

319
Q

What did Jeremiah remind the Hebrews

A

Jeremiah told the Hebrews that God had not deserted them

320
Q

What did Ezekiel and Jeremiah teach

A

They taught that God was pleased when men and women were faithful and just

321
Q

What did Hebrew prophets preached

A

Prophets preached that God is wherever his people are. This idea allowed Hebrews to no longer believe that God had to be worshipped in the temple in Jerusalem

322
Q

In exile, how was the Hebrew religion modified

A

In exile the Hebrews began a new form of worship. Wherever a group of the gathered, they would worship God together. These groups formed the first synagogues

323
Q

What is a synagogue

A

A synagogue was not a temple, but rather simply a place where people gathered to worshipped God

324
Q

Where did people make sacrifices

A

The Israelites did not offer sacrifices in the synagogues. That ritual was still reserved for a temple

325
Q

Without a temple in exile, Hebrews depended on what

A

Prayer

326
Q

How did each person talk to God

A

Hebrew’s believed that everyone can talk to God through prayer and that God can see into the person’s heart to see if they were good or not

327
Q

Was God tricked by rich offerings

A

No

328
Q

What did Hebrews gain during their Babylonian exile

A

In exile, Hebrews learned many things from the Babylonians such as written books

329
Q

What made the Greek civilization different than every other civilization

A

The ancient Greeks had no fertile river valley that helped farmers grow a surplus of grain

330
Q

How was the soil like in Greece

A

Thin poor soil covers the rugged hills and mountains of the Greek mainland and it’s far-flung islands

331
Q

What is the southern section of Greece known as

A

The southern section of Greece is known as Peloponnese and is sometimes called the Peloponnesian Peninsula

332
Q

What is the geography of the Peloponnesian Peninsula

A

Peloponnesian is 1/3 of the size of Italy, this mountainous land is flanked by the Aegean Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the west

333
Q

What is southeast of the Peloponnesian Peninsula

A

The island of Crete

334
Q

What happened in Crete in 3000 B.C.

A

As early as 3000 B.C., civilization was flourishing on the island of Crete. Historians call it the Minoan civilization after the legendary King Minos

335
Q

What did King Minos do

A

According to ancient myths, he built a labyrinth-a complicated maze- Crete to house a monster called the Minotaur

336
Q

What did the Minoans do

A

The Minoans constructed beautiful palaces with grand courtyards, pottery and jewelry, sailed the Mediterranean, and developed a writing system

337
Q

Why was civilization in Peloponnesian slower

A

Since it was hard to farm the rocky land

338
Q

Why did the people in the Peloponnesian Peninsula farm in spring-fed valleys

A

Since people didn’t have rivers for farming

339
Q

How did Greek Farmers do on Fertile Coast

A

Fertile coastal areas also caught the eye of determined settlers and Greek Farmers began sowing wheat and barley on their meager plots

340
Q

What was the first Greek civilization to develop on the main land of Greece

A

Mycenaean

341
Q

What did the Mycenaeans do by 1600 B.C.

A

By 1600 B.C., the Mycenaeans built fortified towns around central palaces. They had kings and priests. They dominated the region and traded with the Hitties and Egyptians. They buried their rulers in long shaft-graves, along with treasures of bronze, silver, and gold. They had a form of writing as well

342
Q

What did the Mycenaeans do by 1200 B.C.

A

In 1200 B.C., the Mycenaeans won a war against the city of Troy in Asia Minor. This conflict is known as the Trojan War

343
Q

Who was the Trojan War named after

A

After the inhabitants of the city of Troy, who were called Trojans

344
Q

What poem by Homer tells tales about the Trojan War

A

A long poem called the Iliad

345
Q

How did the Mycenaean civilization end

A

The Mycenaean civilization passed away due to war, invasion, and internal strife and their system of writing was lost

346
Q

What did Mycenaeans do when the civilization ended

A

When the civilization ended, some Mycenaeans fled to Asia Minor and some returned to life in isolated villages

347
Q

What was happening in Greece by 750 B.C.

A

Small city-states were flourishing with names such as Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Ithaca

348
Q

How was the government in Greek city-states

A

Each city state was individually ruled

349
Q

In Greek, over time what did Greek city-states do

A

Over time, the people in separate city states (Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Ithaca) came to think of themselves as one people called the Hellenes. We call them the Greeks

350
Q

Why I’d the Greek city-states decide to unite under one people

A

Since they shared the same language, beliefs, worshipped the same gods, and had the same stories and heroes

351
Q

In Greece, what became important highways for trade

A

In Greece the Aegean, Ionian, and Mediterranean Seas became important highways for trade, for they had no rivers

352
Q

What are one of the 1st Greek tales told by Homer

A

The Iliad and the Odyssey

353
Q

What do the poems of Homer show

A

The poems of Homer show the Greeks in the heat of battle, and then finding their way home

354
Q

Did Greeks think that men were as great as gods

A

No

355
Q

The Greeks believed that if humans presumed that they were as great as gods then they would be guilty of what

A

Hubris, or unacceptable pride

356
Q

What did the Greeks believe was the man’s special gift was

A

Their minds

357
Q

What did a Greeks reject about religion

A

Greeks rejected that people are slaves to the gods

358
Q

What were the 3 important things Greeks could understand with their mind

A

The workings of nature, human nature itself, and best ways for human beings to live together in communities

359
Q

What defied the Greeks

A

The land itself

360
Q

What features on the land made living hard

A

The land’s rugged mountains and steep slopes made it hard to eke out a living

361
Q

What happens in Greece in winter

A

In winter, harsh rains was the soil from the hillsides, which makes those slopes poor places for growing crops

362
Q

What were two plants that the Greeks could grow in the rugged terrain

A

The Greeks discovered that two plants could grow in the rugged environment -grapevines and olive trees

363
Q

Olive trees and grape vines didn’t mind what about the Greek terrain

A

The higher slopes and thin, stony soil

364
Q

What did the Greeks harvest in September and October

A

They harvested grapes, and then pressed them to make wine

365
Q

When was the growing season for grain

A

May to June

366
Q

When did the Greeks harvest olives

A

They picked olives from December through February and pressed them for oil

367
Q

What is a common idea in Greek stories

A

In Greek stories, human beings are often tested by willful gods and pitted against each other

368
Q

Where did the Greeks believe their gods lived

A

My. Olympus in Northern Greece

369
Q

What did Greek Gods do on Mt. Olympus

A

The Greek Gods feasted on ambrosia and nectar, quarreled, laughed, and got involved in the affairs of men

370
Q

What did Ancient Greeks call humans

A

“The only animal who asks questions”

371
Q

What did fire resemble in the myth of Prometheus

A

The Greeks’ minds, like fire, lit the way

372
Q

What did other civilizations do

A

The Egyptians practiced medicine, the Sumerians worked out a system of mathematics, and the Babylonians learned something about astronomy

373
Q

How did Greeks act toward asking questions

A

The Greeks were certain that by using their minds and carefully observing the universe, they could figure out the “why” and “how”

374
Q

As the Greeks asked question, did their belief in their gods change

A

As the Greeks asked questions, they still believed in their gods, yet they didn’t expect their gods to answer them

375
Q

What type of explanations did the Greeks look for

A

The Greeks looked for natural explanations of what happened in nature, or nature laws

376
Q

How was the Greek’s approach to learning different

A

The Greeks had a whole new approach to learning. It assumed the world was not chaotic and uncontrollable, but orderly in a way humans could understand

377
Q

What was the Greek word for nature

A

The Greek word for nature was physis, which is where we get our modern-day word physics

378
Q

Many scientific studies are from which ancient civilization

A

Greece

379
Q

How do modern day scientists and the Greeks compare

A

Modern scientists follow the Greek example but take it one step further

380
Q

How do modern day scientists and the Greeks differ

A

Modern scientists try to use their findings to change nature and control it while Greeks didn’t find it important to apply their thoughts to everyday problems and were satisfied if they found laws of nature and that made sense

381
Q

Instead of science, what word did the Greeks use

A

Instead of science, the Greeks used the word philosophy meaning, “love of wisdom”, to describe the study of the universe and nature laws

382
Q

The Greeks were among history’s 1st what

A

Scientists and philosophers

383
Q

The ancient Greeks considered the human body a thing of what

A

The ancient Greeks considered the human body a thing of beauty

384
Q

What did the Greeks think of their athletes

A

The ancient Greeks considered their athletes as noble as their philosophers

385
Q

When did Homer live

A

Around 750 B.C.

386
Q

Is theirs a lot of information about Homer

A

No

387
Q

What makes Historians believe Homer was blind

A

A passage in the Odyssey describes a blind poet reciting verses that bring the hero, Odysseus, to cry. This passage gave the popular believe that Homer himself was blind

388
Q

Is the Trojan War real

A

Historians do not know for sure if the Trojan Wars were mythical, but Homer told the stories better than all who have come since

389
Q

What story does the Iliad tell

A

The Iliad tells the story of the last year of the Trojan War. The title Iliad, comes from the word Ilium, which is Greek for the name “Troy”

390
Q

How did the Trojan War begin

A

The Trojan War began when Helen, the beautiful wife of Sparta, was kidnapped by Paris, son of the king of Troy

391
Q

How long did the Trojan War span

A

The Trojan War spanned for 10 years, all to get Queen Helen back

392
Q

What happened in the 10th year of the Trojan War

A

In the 10th year of the Trojan War, the Greeks, led by Odysseus, succeed by hiding many soldiers in a large wooden horse they offered as a gift to Priam, the Trojan King. Once the Trojans dragged the horse into the city, the Greek soldiers emerged and sacked Troy

393
Q

Who were the two greatest warriors in the Iliad

A

In the Iliad, there were two great warriors at the center of the epic- Achilles, bravest and strongest of the Greeks, and Hector, the bravest of Troy’s defenders, who fell at last by the hand of his heroic foe

394
Q

The Odyssey is a celebration of what

A

The Odyssey is a celebration of human ability in face of grave dangers

395
Q

When did the Trojan War take place

A

The Trojan War took place during the Mycenaean Civilization around the year 1200 B.C.

396
Q

What did Heinrich Schliemann do in 1870

A

In 1870, German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, excavated in northwestern Turkey for the ancient city of Troy. Here, he and his team found ruins of 9 cities on top of each other in which 1 of those cities can possibly be Troy

397
Q

What were a young boy’s education in Greece

A

Running, jumping, wrestling, and boxing were all parts of a young boy’s education

398
Q

In Ancient Greece, athletic games were first used for what

A

In Ancient Greece, athletic games became a way of honoring the gods

399
Q

Where did the Greeks host the Olympics

A

At the foot of Mt. Olympus, believed to be the home of the gods, the Greeks started hosting athletic games to honor mighty Zeus, king of the gods

400
Q

When were the earliest records of these Greek games

A

The earliest records of these Greek games date back to 776 B.C. but most likely started hundreds of years before

401
Q

How often were the Greek games held

A

The Greek games were held every 4 years for thousands of years

402
Q

What is Greeks do for the olympics (Shows how much this was important to them)

A

Greeks stopped city-state wars for the Olympics

403
Q

Due to the Olympics what new unit of measuring time did the Greeks created

A

Olympiads

404
Q

What did victors of the Olympics have

A

Victors of the Olympics were crowned with wreaths made of olive branches and their images were sculpted in marble

405
Q

Where do we see the Greek admiration of humanity

A

We see the Greek admiration for humanity not just in their games but also in the works of art they left behind

406
Q

What did early Greek artists do

A

Early Greek artists chose to picture animals or abstract designs, but as time went on, Greek artists turned their attention to humanity

407
Q

How were Greek pots that we found like

A

Thousands of colorfully painted pots and vases remain from Ancient Greece

408
Q

What were Greek jars used for

A

Jar were used to store grain, wine, and oil

409
Q

What aesthetic improvements did the Greeks want

A

The Greeks wanted their jars to be more beautiful and useful so the Greeks made vessels both strong and graceful, and artists adorned them with human figures that seemed to leap to life

410
Q

What scenes did Greek artists paint

A

Artists painted any scene that focused on the lives of human beings and their doings such as: hero’s battling, runners racing, ordinary people picking olives, or making friends

411
Q

What material did the Greeks use to make vases

A

There was a lot of red clay for potters to make vases

412
Q

What material did early Greek sculptors use

A

With white marble, sculptors made statues

413
Q

Where did the Greeks find white marble

A

White marble laid in the Earth of Greece

414
Q

What does the “Kritios Boy” show

A

The “Kritios Boy” shows how well Greek sculptors understood the structure of the Human body by the 5th century B.C.

415
Q

What material did Greek sculptors use now (not marble)

A

Bronze

416
Q

Why is bronze a better sculpture material than marble

A

Bronze resisted rain and wind better than marble; helped sculptors fully capture the human body in action

417
Q

What happened to most of the Greeks bronze statues

A

Most bronze sculptures were melted and used for other purposes

418
Q

Which statue was found in the Aegean Sea (Greeks)

A

In a shipwreck 140ft beneath the surface of the Aegean Sea, a famous, majestic statue of the god Poseidon or Zeus lays. This statue is 7ft tall and is casted as a powerful athlete. The god is show as a perfect human being

419
Q

Which civilization was the first to study history in an organized manner

A

The Greeks

420
Q

How did Herodotus learn about history

A

Herodotus learned about history by walking place to place asking the people there about their costumes and manners, religion and beliefs, and their past for he had no written records to refer to

421
Q

Why did Herodotus decide to write his own “histories”

A

Herodotus had no written records to consult, so he decided to write his own

422
Q

What do Herodotus’ notes about history become

A

Herodotus wrote down what he learned in a book- the world’s earliest surviving volume of history

423
Q

Since Herodotus read his findings to the public what did he do

A

Herodotus read his “histories” to the public, so he filled his writings with lively tales. Some were true and some were not

424
Q

In the 5th century B.C., who built upon Herodotus’ findings

A

In the 5th century B.C., another Greek historian built on the works of Herodotus. His name was Thucydides

425
Q

How were Thucydides and Herodotus similar

A

Like Herodotus, he believed people could learn from history

426
Q

How were Thucydides and Herodotus different

A

Unlike Herodotus, he chronicled the events of his own day, especially wars between city-states (Peloponnesian Wars)

427
Q

How were Thucydides’ and Herodotus’ writings different

A

Thucydides spent no time on fanciful stories or fantastic tales

428
Q

What did the written history in Greece support

A

The beginnings of written in Ancient Greece provide yet further testimony to the Greeks’ great interest in humanity

429
Q

Where does the word history come from

A

The english word “history” comes from the Ancient Greek word “historeo”, meaning “learn by inquiry”

430
Q

What were some materials Greek artists used

A

Clay, marble, and bronze

431
Q

Who is known as “the father of history”

A

Herodotus

432
Q

Polis Definition

A

A city-state of Ancient Greece

433
Q

Why were Thucydides and Herodotus interested in stories of past times

A

Since they were very attached to the city-states in which they lived

434
Q

Did the Greeks unite under one king ruling the entire mainland and island

A

No

435
Q

How did Greece’s geography help at a political standpoint

A

Geography helped determine Greeks political landscape

436
Q

What land forms divided the land of Greece

A

The mountains and the sea divided the land, forming natural boundaries between city-states

437
Q

Why did Greeks like the idea of separate city states than uniting under one king

A

They believed the individual state, the polis, gave them a better way of life

438
Q

Why did the Greeks like the city-states

A

The Greeks believed the city-states gave them a better way to exercise the freedom that, as the myth told it, had been so hard for them by Prometheus

439
Q

What is the best translation for the Greek word polis

A

“Polis” is often translated to “city state” but a better translation is “citizen state”

440
Q

How was a polis run

A

Each Polis was a small state run by citizens who often wrote constitutions and used some form of elected government

441
Q

What did the Greeks believe about single ruler rule

A

Greeks did not believe any mortal ruler could be a god or should act as a god. They believed this was no better than slavery

442
Q

Since a city state knows its own needs, what did Greeks believe

A

Since a city-state knows it’s own needs, Greeks believed they should have their own rules, government, worship, and armies

443
Q

Where do the words politics, political, and metropolis come from

A

The word “polis”. They remind us that the ancient Greeks have deeply influenced our ideas about how to govern ourselves

444
Q

What did a polis represent

A

Everything good about Greek life

445
Q

A polis wasn’t only a type of government but also what

A

A school

446
Q

What lessons did the polis teach

A

The polis teaches how to be just, brave, unselfish, to behave properly, to honor gods, lead a good life

447
Q

How did the polis get the name “citizen state”

A

A polis wasn’t just a place, but also the people

448
Q

What did young men (17 to 19) in a Greek polis do

A

They took an oath that shows the affection and sense of responsibility the Greeks held for the Polis

449
Q

How many people were citizens in city-states in Greece

A

The vast majority of people in a city state weren’t citizens

450
Q

Why weren’t women citizens in Greece

A

Women were not citizens. This is because they did not participate in politics or attend school

451
Q

In some city-states, women were important in what

A

Women were very important at the numerous religious events

452
Q

What were women’s responsibilities in Greece

A

Women had a great responsibility for managing the household, raising children, and keeping accounts of the home’s goods and expenses in all city states

453
Q

In some city states, women could own what

A

Property

454
Q

Were foreigners given citizenship

A

No

455
Q

Who was at the bottom level of a polis

A

Slaves

456
Q

What does Democracy mean

A

“Rule of the people”

457
Q

What word could best describe the Greeks

A

Trailblazers

458
Q

How did the Greeks separate themselves from other civilizations at a government standpoint

A

Greeks set themselves apart by trying to understand government in a more scientific way

459
Q

What do citizens do in a polis

A

Citizens would serve on juries, fight to defend the polis, and make laws to protect the polis

460
Q

Who wasn’t granted citizenship in a polis

A

Women, foreigners, and slaves

461
Q

What was the job and requirements of citizens

A
  • Attention to justice and the responsibility to serve on juries
  • Responsibility to be brave and defend the polis
  • Obedience to the laws
  • Honoring their gods
  • Direct involvement of citizens in the government

Decks in Kevin Jimbi K12 Homeschool Class (37):