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Flashcards in Justice & Global Issues Deck (60)
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0
Q

Utility

A

Maximizing welfare for all
Non-maleficence: don’t cause unnecessary harm
Beneficence: benefit others (maximize the quantity of the benefit)

1
Q

5 Major Ethical Principles

A
Utility
Rational Self-Interest
Autonomy
Justice
Virtue
2
Q

Rational Self-Interest

A

Maximize own welfare

3
Q

Autonomy

A

Respect and promote self-rule
Negative: don’t interfere with others’ self-interest
Positive: Inform others about their autonomy

4
Q

Justice

A

Treat persons equally and fairly and respect their moral rights

5
Q

Virtue

A

Have good character, act from it, and promote it in others.

6
Q

5 Steps of the AJ Method

A
Step 1: Info Gathering
Step 2: Creative Problem Solving 
Step 3: Listing the Pros and Cons
Step 4: Evaluation
Step 5: Justification
7
Q

AJ Method Step 1

Info Gathering

A

Identify informational questions relevant to resolving the ethical issue, and do some research to answer those questions

8
Q

AJ Method Step 2

Creative Problem Solving

A

Avoid the issue by figuring out a creative plan of action that would not be ethically controversial, if it worked

9
Q

AJ Method Step 3

List the Pros and Cons (chart)

A

Assume the creative solution fails, and list the pros and cons for each of the controversial options for dealing with the ethical issue.

10
Q

AJ Method Step 4

Evaluation

A

Evaluate the strength of the pros and cons, pick the strongest 3-5, and indicate probabilities (0-100%) and weight (1-100) in parentheses.

11
Q

AJ Method Step 5

Justification

A
Identify what you think is the ethically superior option from the chart and justify your choice in a structured essay.
I. Intro
II. Support
III. Defense
IV. Summary
12
Q

How has the view of truth telling in medicine changed in the West?

A

Western people used to allow physicians to deceive their patients in order to cure them under certain circumstances –> discredited because people believed that physician paternalism was unacceptable (undermines the autonomous choice that is now held to be the core to individual dignity.

13
Q

Truth Telling In Medicine:

What is the parallel shift in Western politics?

A

Ancient Greece and Middle Ages: paternalistic rule by the wise, the superior, etc.
Enlightenment (17th century to now): Western emphasis on individualism (liberty, equality, dignity, rights).

14
Q

Truth Telling in Medicine:

What is the view of truth telling in the Confucian Chinese approach?

A
  1. It is up to the family, based on the information offered by the physician, to judge whether the truth will be beneficial to the patient.
  2. The family has the final authority to decide whether to tell the patient the truth.
15
Q

Truth Telling in Medicine:

How is the Confucian Chinese view grounded in the Confucian way of life?

A

The Confucian Chinese are more family oriented than Westerners.
The good of the patient is interpreted by the family under the guidance of a physician.
The justification for deception is the patient’s best interest.
Confucianism takes medicine as “the art of ren (virtue).” A Confucian is ideally a kind-parent-like master practicing the virtue of ren with special medical skills for pursuing the confucian moral ideals. The physician is exempt from having to tell the truth. Ren aids one to achieve the moral vision needed to appreciate that the family constitutes the normal way of human life - a social reality necessary for the full development of cardinal human virtues and full human flourishing. Individuals are unable to flourish and be virtuous.

16
Q

Truth Telling in Medicine:

Why do the authors think the Confucian way is superior to the contemporary Western approach?

A

It is not simply that the family allows individuals to achieve virtue and realize their flourishing, but one encounters virtues and human flourishing understandable only within the reality of the family. The virtues and flourishing realized in and by a family cannot be reduced without loss of meaning to the virtues and flourishing realized in and by the individual members of a family.

17
Q

What are the 3 main aspects of globalization?

A

Economic
Cultural
Political

18
Q

What are the key economic changes behind globalization?

A

Cheap shipping
Fewer regulations (1980s)
Multinational corporations
Offshoring
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Bank
IMF
Up until the 1980s, countries had high tariffs on products. After the 1980s, tariff prices have decreased dramatically.
To be a member of the WTO, countries had to decrease their tariffs.
IMF & World Bank give money to developing countries as a loan w/ conditions such as tending to their poor.

19
Q

What international organizations have been involved in shaping the globalization process so far?

A
Multinationals
WTO
World Bank
IMF
Companies who offshore (outsourcing)
UN
EU
20
Q

Which countries have been the clear winners and losers from globalization and why?

A

Winners: companies and newly industrialized counties (China, Brazil, India, Mexico).
Losers: least developed countries can’t compete and cheap goods flood markets (Haiti, Bangladesh, Sub Saharan Africa).

21
Q

What is the international relations model, and how has it favored the more wealthy and powerful countries?

A

Justice mainly requires respecting treaties among sovereign states (agreements should prevail).
Economic: WTO, World Bank, IMF
Political: UN, EU
Powerful and wealthy countries never make agreements with poor and non-powerful counties because they are afraid of investing in a crappy deal. Poor and non-powerful countries are left out of international relations.

22
Q

What is the global justice model, and what changes would it require in the international order?

A

Justice is not about international agreements. Justice requires shaping the global institutional order of treaties and rules to be fair to the world’s poor and vulnerable, and respect their interests and rights.

23
Q

What is Pogge’s argument in favor of the global justice model?

A

Beneficial for 3rd world countries: The justice limit to a government’s partiality in favor of its own citizens forbids, then, partial conduct that undermines the minimal fairness of the global institutional order. An appeal to permissible partiality cannot justify the imposition, by the most powerful governments on the rest of the world, of an unjust global institutional order under which a majority of humankind is foreseeably and avoidably deprived of anything resembling a fair start in life.

24
Q

Why does Dwyer reject the view that since illegal aliens are breaking the law, they should be denied public health benefits?

A

Most of us break the law (speeding, taxes), without thinking that means we lose access to public health benefits (emergency, Medicaid)

25
Q

Why does Dwyer reject the view that since illegal aliens are people, they have a right to publicly provided health care?

A

They may be human but that’s not an argument. It doesn’t identify the reasons, or the limits.

26
Q

What is the view or position that Dwyer supports in his essay (illegal aliens)?

A

Illegal immigrants should have access to public health benefits (“undocumented workers”).

27
Q

What are the main reasons Dwyer (illegal aliens) gives for his view?

A

Our society depends on undocumented workers, and you should take care of those on whom you depend (virtue)
They do the most disagreeable and difficult work.
They are diligent workers and good neighbors.

28
Q

What major ethical principle(s) lie behind Dwyer’s (illegal immigrants) argument?

A

This is a virtue argument based on an ideal of taking responsibility.

29
Q

In what ways does the NPR episode support Dwyer’s argument (illegal aliens)?

A

Farmers in Alabama need pickers to pick their tomatoes. Americans won’t do it and they need illegal immigrants.
This support Dwyer’s argument that society depends on them.

30
Q

What are Strawser’s main reasons supporting his view (drones), and which major ethical principles lie behind those reasons?

A

The US is obligated to use drones because it keeps pilots safe (Utility)
Drones are more accurate
Encourages just actions because there is more room for checks and oversights (justice)

31
Q

What is Stawser’s view about the use of drones?

A

The US should use drones.

32
Q

What is Greenwald’s main reasons supporting his view (drones), and which major ethical principles lie behind those reasons?

A

Civilian casualties from the use of drones are increasing terrorism (U-non, A-neg).

33
Q

What is global ethics and what are its 3 features?

A

The ethical evaluation of problems that are (1) global in scope, and (2) multidisciplinary, and (3) combine theory and practice.

34
Q

How is global ethics different from a global ethic?

A

.

35
Q

What are 2 of a global ethic?

A

Kung

Human rights

36
Q

Why is global ethics so important now?

A

Globalization: makes relevant to individuals

37
Q

Why is global ethics important in general?

A

It will determine:

(1) What the future and in other countries it is acceptable to do to human beings (e.g. drones, FGC, slavery, etc.)
(2) The framework of future global governance (and whether there should be any)

38
Q

What is female genital cutting?

A

The partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons.

39
Q

How many women does female genitalia cutting affect?

A

100-140 million women

3 million women at risk

40
Q

Where is female genitalia cutting mainly found?

A

Africa
Asia
Middle East

41
Q

In what regions do most men and women support female genitalia cutting?

A
Egypt
Kenya
Somalia
Ethiopia
Sierra Leone
42
Q

What are some of the main reasons in favor of FGC?

A
Ideas of cleanliness and health
Ideas about female beauty
Preserving virginity (pleasure, detection)
Maintaining modesty and proper behavior
Ideas about femininity ("like a man")
43
Q

What are some differences between male genital cutting and female genital cutting?

A
MGC: 
Affects billions of men (all regions)
Multiple health problems, some chronic, some deaths (small %)
Ideas of cleanliness and health
Ideas of male beauty
FGC:
Ideas of cleanliness and health (like MGC)
Ideas about female beauty (like MGC)
44
Q

What do the differences in FGC and MGC suggest about the distribution of power among men and women?

A

FGC ideas about preserving virginity and maintaining modesty and proper behavior suggest that men are more powerful than women.

45
Q

Why might someone favor allowing markets in human organs?

A
Saves lives
Better harvesting procedures
Less health complications
Donors can be compensated
Have a right to choose to donate
46
Q

Which organs would likely be offered by live vendors?

A

Kidneys

47
Q

Which cadaveric organs might be sold and how?

A

Hearts, livers, etc.

48
Q

What arguments and ethical principles favor open global markets in human organs?

A

Saves lives (utility)
Better harvesting procedures (utility - nonmaleficience)
Less health complications (utility - nonmaleficience)
Donors could be compensate (rational self-interest)
The right to choose to donate (autonomy)

49
Q

Which arguments and principles go against allowing a global market in human organs?

A
Compensating donors could be considered coercive and would render them unable to consent (justice & virtue)
Some religious denominations do not allow their members to be organ donors (autonomy - negative)
Receiver debt (utility - nonmaleficience)
50
Q

What are some examples of enhanced interrogation techniques?

A
Sensory deprivation
Forced exertion
Sensory bombardment
Temperature manipulation
Abuse
51
Q

How do enhanced interrogation techniques differ from classic examples of torture?

A

.

52
Q

When was torture widely accepted and practiced?

A

Pre-18th century in the West

2001-2009

53
Q

When did torture become condemned in the West?

A

18th century - today

54
Q

What are the UN standards on torture?

A

“Any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted by or at the instigation of public official on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or confession, punishing him for an act he has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating him or other persons. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to, lawful sanctions to the extent consistent with the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.”

55
Q

What is a ticking bomb scenario and why does it make torture hard to reject?

A

Scenario: person is suspected of having information about a timed bomb, the bomb is ticking and will self destruct underneath a stadium full of people, the suspect might possibly have information about where the bomb is and how to stop it from blowing up
It is hard to reject torturing the person because it would only be torturing one person to save many people (utility)

56
Q

Torture: Why do some think it a good idea to set up a system of review for judges or the president to authorize enhanced interrogation of a prisoner? What are some arguments against doing so?

A

Responsibility

Against: not enough time

57
Q

In what sense is almost everyone living in the developed world a member of the 1%?

A

To make it to the richest 1% globally, all you need is an income of around $34,000
Many of America’s 99%ers, and the West’s, are really 1%ers on a global level.

58
Q

Almost everyone living in the developed world is a member of the 1%. How does that suggest there is a matter of luck in how we live?

A

The Western 99% did not “earn” most of their wealth, nor did the the top 1% “earn” theirs. It is the luck of where you were born. It is estimated that the benefits of living in a well-functioning economy probably account for 90% of individual income.

59
Q

What is Singer’s 3 premise argument for poverty aid?

A

(1) Suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are bad.
(2) If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.
(3) It is in our power to prevent something very bad from happening without thereby sacrificing anything morally important by giving up consumer luxuries.