Periosteum
Membrane covering bone
Cortical
Hard outer bone
Trabecular
Spongy inner bone
What are these
Osteoblasts
What do osteoblasts do
Build bone
What are these
Osteocytes
What are these
Osteoclasts (break down)
What do osteoclasts do
Destroy bone
What type of bone is the top arrow pointing to
Laminar bone
What is the bottom arrow pointing to
Woven bone
Where does intramembranous ossification occur
Flat bones with no growth plates
Where does intramembranous ossification begin
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
What does intramembranous ossification form
Woven bone and periosteum
Final layer of compact bone
Where does endochondral ossification occur
Long bones
Requires growth plates
What does a growth plate need to function
Angiogenesis
Adequatly mineralize collagen/cartilage
Adequate supply of blood vessels
What are the 7 ways to describe a fracture
O: Open vs. closed
L: location
D: Degree (complete/incomplete)
A: articular extension
C: communication/pattern (multiple pieces)
I: Intrinsic bone quality
D: Displacement
4 steps to fracture healing
- Hematoma
- Fibrocartilaginous callus
- Bony callus
- remodeling
Salter type
1
Salter type
4
Salter type
3
Salter type
5
Salter type
2
Probem with osteoclasts
Failure of remodling
Increased bone density
Osteopetrosis
Bone resorption>formation
Disuse, malnutrition
Suseptible to fracture
Osteoporosis
Disproportionate dwarfism
Chondrodysplasia
Defect in matrix synthesis
Excessive bone fragility
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Decreased number of thin trabeculae
Osteopenia
What are the two species affected by scurvy
Guinea pig and primates
Cause of scurvy
Lack of Vitamin C
Low Ca -> Ca removed from bone -> replaced with fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous osteodystrophy
Causes of fibrous osteodystropy
Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
How does primary hyperparathyroidism cause fibrous osteodystrophy
Parathyroid adenomas
Parathyroid hyperplasia
How does seconday hyperparathyroidism cause firous osteodystrophy
Ca:P imbalance in feed
Kidney disease
A young animal comes in with abnormal shaped bone angles, his diet has been deficient in Vit D. What is the most likly cause
Rickets
What causes rickets
defect in endochondra ossification
defeicent in Vit D or phosphorus
You find an intrathoracic mass on a patient with Periosteal Proliferation. There is no joint damage.
Hypertrophic osteoPathy
Young dog with Double physeal line and acute inflammation in the primary spongiosa
Hypertrophic osteoDistropy
What causes hypertrophic osteodistropy
Necrosis of osteoblasts
Young dog with shifting leg lamness. Radiodense areas around the medullary cavity near the nutrient foramina
Eosinophilic Panosteitis
What do you tell your client about the prognosis of eosinophilic panoseitis
Recover and do fine
A small breed dog with avascular necrosis of the femoral head that is 6 months old
Legg-perthes disease
Cause of osteomyelitis
Surgery
Penetrating wound
Fractures
Hematogenous spread of infectious organisims
Lumpy jaw from actinomyces is a form of what
osteomyelitis
Is osteomyelitis a serous disease
Yes
Difficult to treat
Acute or chronic
Name for benign bone neoplasm
osteoma
Name for malignant bone neoplasms
Osteosarcoma
Benign cartilage neoplasm
Chondroma
Malignant cartilage neoplasm
Chondrosarcoma
Neoplasm that infltarted the cortex and medullary cavity
Tends to be away from elbow and towards the knee
Osteosarcoma
What do chondromas and chondrosarcomas look like on radiographs
sof tissue opacity
Benign lesion of younger cat
Proliferation of the growth plate cartilage
Grows with skeleton
Ostteochondromatosis
Forms vertical clefts in cartliage
Dull yellow-brown cartilage
Can progress ot ebrunation
Fibrillation
Polishing of exposed subchondral bone
Ivory like, shiney and smooth
Eburnation
Bony proliferation around edges of joints
Oseophytosis
Small piece of bone from osteophyes breaks off and gets in joint
Joint mice
Granulation on articular surface
Damage underlying cartilage
Can progress ot ankyloses (joint fusion)
Pannus
what causes inflammatory arthritis acute infections
penetrating wounds and septicemia
What causes inflammatory arthritis chronicly
Immune mediated, virus, and untreated acute arthritis
Denerative joint disease
Typically an aging lesion
Osteoarthritis
What lesions can cause osteoarthritis
Fibrillation, cartilage erosion, osteophytosis, eburnation, synovial hyperplasia
What mechanical and biochemical factors contribute to osteoarthritis
Decreased proteoglycan synthisis
Increased metalloenzyme synthesis which degrate proteogylcans
Area of thickend cartilage that where the flap has broken off
Osteochondritis dissecans
Difference between synovial cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma
Synovial cell carcinoma can cross the joint
Annulus fibrosis cracks, tears, or ruptures, releasing the annulus pulposus
Intervertebral disc disease
Type 1 intervertebral disc disease
Sudden explosive relase
Type 2 intervertebral disc disease
Gradual
Dura over spinal chord is ossified in an old dog
Incidental finding
Dural ossification
ossifying pachymeningitis
Large breed dog with deformation of the joint. Degerative, non inflammatory disease
Subluxation of the femoral head
Hip dysplasia
Degenerative non-inflammatory diease in large breed dog
Ununited anconeal process
Fragmented medial coronoid process
OCD of the elbow
Elbow displasia