What does you need proximal stability for distal mobility mean
You have to have a stable base before you can move
What is dynamic stability
Stability in joints while we move on a fluid manor
What does open mean
Freedom
What does close mean
Fix
What is an open kinematic chain
Distal joint segment is free to move while the proximal segment provides stability
What is a closed kinematic chain
Distal joint segment is fixed/inhibited while the proximal segments are allowed to move on the stable distal segment
What determines the function of human joints
Structure
Development of all anatomical tissues is also determined by what
The stresses applied to these tissues
What ultimately determine the function of each joint (4)
- Shapes of body surfaces
- Location of ligament
- Muscle attachment
- Fiber orientations
If a joint is stable what is its design
Simple
If a joint is mobile what is its design
Complex
What is joint transegrity
Joints in our body have mobility & stability just in varying amounts
What are the 2 broad categories of arthroses
- Synarthroses/synarthrodial
2. Diarthroses/diarthrodial
Are synarthroses/synarthrodial joints synovial or nonsynovial
Nonsynovial
Are diarthroses/diarthrodial joints synovial or nonsynovial
Synovial
What are the 2 categories of synarthroses
- Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints
- Sutures
- Gomphoses
- Syndesmoses
What is a suture joint
Bone united via collagenous sutural ligament or membrane
Where do sutures occur
Only in the skull
What is a gomphosis joint
Surfaces adapted like a peg in a hole connected via fibrous tissue
Where are gomphosis joints found
Between teeth and mandible only
What are syndesmosis joints
Bones joined directly by an interosseous ligament or cord or aponeurotic membrane
What are examples of syndesmosis
Between radius and ulna and tibia and fibula
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints
- Symphysis joint
2. Synchondrosis joint
Is a synchondrisis joint secondary cartilaginous or primary cartilaginous
Primary cartilaginous
Is a symphysis joint secondary cartilaginous or primary cartilaginous
Secondary cartilaginous
What do secondary cartilaginous joints allow
Slight movement
What are symphysis joints
Covered by thin lamina of hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or pads
What are examples of symphysis joints
IV joints, Joint between manubrium and sternal body, symphysis pubis of pelvis
What are synchondrosis joints
Hyaline cartilage joins the surfaces, forms a bodn at ossifying centers
What do synchondrosis joints permit
Growth and some stability and mobility
Examples of synchondrosis
In the skull and between 1st rib and sternum
What is a diarthroses joint
A joint where the ends of bony components are free to move
Are the bones of diarthoses joints attached by CT
No
What indirectly connect the bones of diarthroses joints
Joint capsule
What are the 5 components of the synovial joint
- Joint capsule
- Joint cavity
- Synovial tissue lining inner capsule face
- Synovial fluid
- Hyaline cartilage/AC lining contiguous bones
How many layers does the joint capsule have
2
What are the 2 layers of the joint capsule
- Stratum fibrosum
2. Stratum synovium
What is the stratum fibrosum composed of
Fibrous capsule composed of dense CT (DCT), type I collagen, and poorly vascularized but richly innervated
What is the stratum synovium composed of
Synovial fluid and highly vascularized and richly innervated
True or False:
Most capsules are palpable
False
What are the functions of synovial fluid
Reduces friction between bony surfaces and nourishment for the AC
What is it called when it takes 30 minutes for the stiffness of a joint to go away
Theaters sign or movie goers sign
What is synovial fluid like
Blood plasma
What does synovial fluid contain
Hyaluronic acid and lubricin
What is hyaluronic acid responsible for
Viscosity of fluid and reduction of friction
What is lubricin responsible for
Cartilage on cartilage lubrication
True or False:
Lubricin molecules are like magnets of the same pole causing repelling when they get close to each other
True
What does viscosity vary with
Joint velocity or rate of shear
What is the thixotropic property
Synovial fluid going from a semi-solid state to a fluid state
What happens to viscosity and resistance with rapid joint movement
Viscosity increases and resistance decreases
What happens to viscosity and resistance with slow joint movement
Viscosity decreases and resistance increases
If you increase temp what happens to viscosity
Decreases viscosity
If you decrease temp what happens to viscosity
Increases viscosity
What is uniaxial
1 plane of motion around 1 axis
What is biaxial
2 planes of motion around 2 axes
What is multiaxial
3 planes of motion around 3 axes
What are the 2 uniaxial diarthodial joints
- Hinge
2. Trochoid
What is another name for a trochoid joint
Pivot joint
Example of hinge joint
Humeroulnar, humeroradial, PIP, and DIP
Example of trochoid joint
Median atlantoaxial joint and proximal radioulnar
What are the 2 biaxial diarthodial joints
- Condyloid
2. Saddle
What is a condyloid joint
Concave and convex surfaces slide over one another in 2 directions
Example of condyloid joint
MCP joint
What is a saddle joint
Each surface is both convex in 1 plane and concave the other
Example of saddle joint
1st CMC and SC joint
What is an ovoid joint
Any joint with one surface convex while the other is concave
What are the triaxial diarthodial joints
Plane joints and ball and socket joint
What is a plane joint
Variety of surface configurations and permit gliding between 2 or more bones
Examples of plane joints
Facet joints and intercarpal joints
What is a ball and socket joint
Convex “ball” into concave “socket”
Example of ball and socket joint
Hip and Glenohumeral joint
What are the 4 ovoid joints
- Hinge
- Trochoid
- Condyloid
- Ball and socket
What is osteokinematics
Movement of one bony shaft in relation to another
What is the neutral or 0 position
Anatomical position
What is arthrokinematics
Movement of joint surfaces in relation to each other
True or False:
You need regular arthrokinematics to perform normal osteokinematics
True
Loss in arthrokinematics may equal what
Loss in gross osteokinematics
What is roll
Rolling a ball occurs in the direction of osteokinematic motion
What is slide/glide
Direction of motion dependent on joint structure
What is spin
Tire spinning on ice
What happens when a concave articular surface moves on a relatively stationary convex surface
Roll and slide of the moving (concave) surface occur in the same direction
What happens when a convex surface moves on a concave surface
Roll and slide occur in opposite directs
True or False:
Joints always roll in the direction of intended motion
True
What are the arthrokinematic directions of the frontal plane
Superior/inferior
What are the arthrokinematic directions of the transverse plane
Anterior/posterior and medial/lateral
What are the arthrokinematic directions of the sagittal plane
Anterior/posterior
What is the rule for determining the direction of roll
Look as far away from the joint as possible without crossing a joint
True or False:
Rolling always occurs in the same direction the shaft is going
TRUEEEEEEEEE
What is an accessory movement
Occurs at the same time as the main motion, allows for more ROM