Issues in mental health: Topic Three

Question 1

What is topic 3?

Answer 1

Alternatives to the medical model

Question 2

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Learning through the association of a stimulus which causes an emotional response to what would typically cause a neutral response

Question 3

What did Watson and Raynor do?

Answer 3

They induced a fear of white rats and fluffy animals by associating them with loud noises (something that Albert was initially scared of)

Question 4

How might classical conditioning provide an explanation for phobias?

Answer 4

As the emotional response of fear/anxiety can become associated with a typically neutral stimulus

Question 5

How might social learning theory provide an explanation for phobias?

Answer 5

If a child sees a significant adult with a phobia then they might replicate this behaviour

Question 6

What did Aaron Beck suggest?

Answer 6

That there are 3 main dysfunctional beliefs in people with depression which form a cognitive triad

Question 7

What are the 3 dysfunctional beliefs from the negative cognitive triad?

Answer 7

‘I am worthless of flawed’, ‘Everything I do results in failure’ and ‘the future is hopeless’

Question 8

What did Beck suggest that a person does when they become depressed?

Answer 8

They would seek out information to confirm their negative beliefs

Question 9

Over generalisation is a cognitive distortion, what is this?

Answer 9

Where one unfortunate event is seen as part of a never ending struggle and the cognition is ‘everything always goes wrong for me’

Question 10

What did Ellie propose that irrational thoughts could cause?

Answer 10

They could cause and sustain mental disorders

Question 11

What are the 3 faulty cognitions that Ellis summarised?

Answer 11

1) I must be outstandingly competent or I am worthless
2) Others must treat me considerately or they are absolutely rotten
3) The world should always give me happiness or I will die

Question 12

What are Ellis’ faulty cognitions likely to cause someone to feel?

Answer 12

These highly unrealistic expectations are likely to cause someone to feel like a failure and could possibly lead to depression

Question 13

When was the humanistic approach developed and what does it consider?

Answer 13

Developed in the 1960s and considers the uniqueness of humans

Question 14

According to the humanistic approach what does each person have the ability to do?

Answer 14

To be mentally healthy

Question 15

According to the humanistic approach how can a person fulfil their potential?

Answer 15

Through psychological growth with the aim of self actualisation

Question 16

What does the humanistic approach focus on? (in terms of a person)

Answer 16

The individual and their free will

Question 17

What is the key focus of the humanistic approach?

Answer 17

The self and concepts such as self esteem and self worth

Question 18

What will cause mental and social problems in accordance with the humanistic approach?

Answer 18

Anything that prevents our ability to grow

Question 19

What did Maslow suggest to get closer to self actualisation?

Answer 19

That there is a hierarchy of needs we need to strive to meet

Question 20

Why is there little impact from outside sources to determine behaviour (humanistic approach)?

Answer 20

Because we have the free will to pursue self actualisation

Question 21

What is a good course of treatment according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 21

Client-centred therapy

Question 22

What is client-centred therapy?

Answer 22

Where a therapist listens and may make suggestions for the patient to consider about self esteem and their ideal self but the patient must lead the therapy

Question 23

What is the hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Answer 23

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualisation

Question 24

What is the first thing a patient has to do for systematic desensitisation?

Answer 24

Build a hierarchy of stimuli which cause them anxiety from the least fearful to the most fearful (e.g. look at a picture, touch the picture, see the real item in the distance)

Question 25

What is the patient taught during systematic desensitisation?

Answer 25

The patient is taught deep muscle relaxation or to imagine themselves somewhere pleasant and relaxing

Question 26

What does the therapist do once the patient has been taught deep muscle relaxation?

Answer 26

They take the patient step-by-step through their hierarchy of fear at each stage using the relaxation techniques until the patient no longer feels anxious

Question 27

Where can the patient apply their newly learnt responses (systematic desensitisation)?

Answer 27

To real life settings to demonstrate that their phobia has been removed

Question 28

What happens during flooding?

Answer 28

The feared object is presented directly to the patient

Question 29

How does flooding work?

Answer 29

The fear response caused by adrenaline is not sustainable and will eventually calm down and then that feeling of calm can be associated with the feared object

Question 30

Why does flooding not always work?

Answer 30

Because the initial panic may reinforce the phobia

Question 31

Who proposed rational emotive therapy?

Answer 31

Ellis

Question 32

What does rational emotive therapy look for?

Answer 32

Beliefs/thoughts which are irrational or unhelpful, may be seen in the way they speak as ‘awfulizing’

Question 33

What is the ‘A’ in RET?

Answer 33

Activating the event

Question 34

What is the ‘B’?

Answer 34

Beliefs (about stimulus)

Question 35

What is the ‘C’?

Answer 35

Consequences (actions to avoid stimulus)

Question 36

What is the ‘D’?

Answer 36

Disputing (questioning irrational beliefs)

Question 37

What is the ‘E’?

Answer 37

Effects (restructured thoughts to help the person to cope)