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Flashcards in Introduction to Physiology Deck (19)
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1
Q

What is physiology?

A

The part of biology that deals with functions and activities of organisms

Involves how organisms sense and adjust to changes in their envrionment

2
Q

What are some examples of cell-cell communication

A

Gap junctions

Autocrine signals

Paracrine signals

Neurotransmitters

Neurohormones

Endocrine signals

3
Q

Endocrine vs autocrine vs paracrine

A

Endocrine works on cells that are very far away (hormones travel through blood)

Autocrine = same cell

Paracrine = cell nearby

4
Q

What are the 2 major fluid compartments in the body

A

ECF and ICF

5
Q

Extracellular fluid consists of

A

Vascular fluids

Interstitial fluids

6
Q

Vascular fluids vs interstitial fluids

A

Vascular fluids contain proteins

7
Q

Steady state vs. equilibrium

A

Steady state = no net change over time; requires continuous input of energy

Equilibrium = no net change over time and no dissipation of energy

8
Q

What are the 4 major components of a feedback control system

A

Variable

Receptor (sensor)

Control center

Effector

9
Q

Input = information sent along a ___ pathway

A

Afferent

10
Q

Output = information sent along a ___ pathway

A

Efferent

11
Q

Effectors are usually (molecules)

A

Neural or hormonal

12
Q

Receptors can be

A

Cellular receptor proteins or specialized cells/structures

13
Q

Specialized cells/structures are divided into

A

Cell receptors

Peripheral receptors

14
Q

Examples of central receptors

A

Eyes

Ears

Nose

Tongue

(special senses)

15
Q

Peripheral receptors include

A

Chemoreceptors

Osmoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Baroreceptors

Proprioceptors

Mechanoreceptors

16
Q

Feedback control: In some cells __ and __ can be the same and there is no need for ___

A

The receptor and the control center are the same and there is no need for an afferent pathway

17
Q

How is the positive feedback loop turned off?

A

It requires an outside factor

18
Q

What are Cannon’s postulates?

A

1) Nervous system works to preserve conditions that are compatible with normal organismal function
2) Many systems maintain a tonic level of activity
3) Systems that are not under tonic control are usually under antagonistic control, either by hormones or the nervous system
4) The same chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues in the body depending on the type of receptor present

19
Q

What is tonic activity

A

It means to maintain a level of activity greater than 0

System is neither on or off, but somewhere in between