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MDCN 350: Course 1 > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Introduction to Immunology Deck (32)
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1
Q

antigen

A

anything that generates an immune response - particle - cell proteins/ surface features - entire cell can be an antigen

2
Q

the immune system can be classified as ___ to ___ immunity, which can be further discriminated between ___ and __ immunity.

A

the immune system can be classified as innate to adaptive immunity, which can be further discriminated between humeral and cellular immunity.

3
Q

The innate immune system is: (5 Is)

A

instant, immediate, initial response, induces adaptive response, integrates with adaptive

4
Q

the adaptive immune system is (5A’s)

A

acquired, await days, accurate, auto regulated, autoimmunity

5
Q

example of innate immunity barriers

A

Head and neck: skin, tears, lysosomes Lower respiratoryL turbinates, hairs, coughing, sneezing, cilia, mucus genito-urinary: mucus, pH, normal flora, zinc/spermine , prostatic fluid, length of penis bone/joint: skin GI: epiglottis, vomiting, mucus, natural flora, bile, pancreatic enzymes

6
Q

innate immunity can be further broken down into ___ factor (PLASMA), ___ factors, and ____ ____ receptors.

A

soluble factors, cellular factors, and pattern recognition receptors.

7
Q

example of cellular factors of the innate immune system

A

phagocytes: monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils/macrophage Natural Killer cells and dendritic cells (gathers information and later shares it with central command via antigen uptake).

8
Q

what is opsonization

A

flagged for digestion by complement system and signals phagocytosis.

9
Q

NETS

A

neutrophil extracellular traps

10
Q

natural killer cell is a type of ____ in the ___ immune system. what is its role?

A

NK cell is a type of lymphocyte in the innate immune system. Protects against viral and bacterial infections, also acts as a SURVEILLANCE cell that screens for malignant cells. kills the cell on site.

11
Q

How does a Natural killer cell kill the pathogen?

A
  • nk cell releases performs, which polymerize and form a hole in the enemy cell membrane - granzymes from NK cell enter the perforin hole and degrade enemy cell enzymes - enemy cell dies by apoptosis - macrophage engulfs and digests dying cell
12
Q

example of soluble factors of the innate immune system

A

complement system: these soluble complements circulate in the plasma and can be activated as part of the innate system OR as part of the adaptive immune system.

13
Q

3 pathways of innate soluble factor complement system activation

A
  1. classical via antibody 2. mannan-binding lectin 3. alternative bacterium activation all three pathways release pro-inflammatory molecules and causes cell lysis. Then phagocytes eat it
14
Q

what are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system

A

their role is to recognize and interact with components specific to microbes, they can also promote opsonization and complement activation 2 kinds: - secreted/ circulating proteins and peptides - signal transducing receptors.

15
Q

examples of PRRs of the innate immune system

A
  • antimicrobial peptides - collectins - lectin - pentraxin
16
Q

Prrs can be located:

A

in the cell membrane, nuclear membrane, free in cytoplasm

17
Q

Function of PRRs (innate immune system)

A

their role is to recognize and interact with components specific to microbes, they can also promote opsonization and complement activation generally: - recognize PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS) - stimulate cytokine release - activate immune cells via activation of signalling pathways leading to transcription of genes involved in the immune response - facilitate killing of bacteria/fungi (via opsonization) - help clear viruses.

18
Q

T/f innate immunity has memory

A

false. only the adaptive immune system is specific, has memory, but is slow

19
Q

the adaptive immune system can be split into the ____ and ____ immune system. What are the overall components of the adaptive immune system

A

split into the humeral or cellular immune system - includes lymphocytes, production facility bone marrow, thymus (T lymphocytes), lymph nodes, lymphatic system, spleen.

20
Q

which type of lymphocytes are seen in the adaptive immune system

A

B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells (all come from common lymphoid progenitor)

21
Q

where are B and T cells stored

A

in the white pulp of the spleen

22
Q

what’re the functions of the T cell and marginal zones of the white pulp in spleen

A

T cell zone: hang out for B and T cells. B and T cells encounter antigens in the white pulp and promote immuniglobulin release marginal zone: phagocytosis of buds and immune complexes by macrophages - site of B cell lymphocyte maturation - immunoglobulin release.

23
Q

what’re the functions of the red pulp of the spleen

A
  • macrophages remove old and damaged RBC - removes foreign material -extramedullary hematopoieses - storage site for iron, RBCs, PLATELETS*, plasma cells (B cells) - defines against bacteria using iron metabolism of macrophages.
24
Q

Lymph nodes: Lymphocytes enter via ____ or the ___. The cortex of the lymph nodes contain ____, the primary ones function as: the ___ centre enlarges as B cell proliferate and differentiate.

A

Lymph nodes: Lymphocytes enter via LYMPHATICS or the BLOOD. The cortex of the lymph nodes contain FOLLICLES, the primary ones function as: at rest, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells. After stimulation of a local immune response, they become Secondary Follicles. the ___ centre enlarges as B cell proliferate and differentiate.

25
Q

The basic adaptive immune response

A
  1. recognition: native B and T cells see antigens 2. activation: they divide (proliferate) and become active cells 3. elimination of antigens 4. Immune regulation: response dies down (and most of the activated lymphocytes die) when the threat is eliminated) 5. memory (B and T) cells remain
26
Q

B lymphocytes are produced in ____ ____. The live in ____ ____, _____, ____. What do they do?

A

produced in bone marrow, but lives in lymph nodes, MALT, spleen germinal centres. they cruise around in the blood. they produce antibodies against target antigens. (sometimes they get the antigen from the helper T cell). they then present antigen to T lymphocyte and activate them.

27
Q

B cells are aka

A

plasma cells

28
Q

plasma B cells vs memory B cells

A

plasma B cells: produce antibodies with a single light and heavy chain type (they make the soluble gig, IgA, ism, age) memory B cells: long lived, remember antigen. When they see that Ag again, they proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells. FAST

29
Q

where are T cells produced? Where do they mature? What kinds of T cells are there? Where do they get located afterwards?

A

T cells produced in bone marrow. They mature in the thymus where they get their receptor– they are still naive in that they haven’t seen their antigen yet - they get stored in the lymph nodes 2 kinds: CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic)

30
Q

role of CD4+ T cells

A

macrophage engulfs and degrades bacterium, producing peptides

  • bacterial peptides bound by MHC class II in vesicles
  • bound peptides transported by MHC class II to the cell surface
  • helper T cell recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC class II and activates macrophage.
31
Q

role of CD8+ t cells

A

virus infects cells

  • viral proteins synthesized in cytoplasm
  • peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class I in ER
  • bound peptides transported by MHC class I to the cell surface
  • Cytotoxic T cell recognizes complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills infected cell.
32
Q

how does the innate and adaptive immunity work together in humans

A
  • in the absence of the INNATE immunity, infections cannot be controlled, Need innate immunity to initiate adaptive immunity
  • in the absence of adaptive immunity, infection are first controlled by innate immunity but cannot be cleared
  • in normal individuals, infections are cleared by the innate and adaptive immune responses.