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Brain and Behaviour Year 2 > Introduction to BB > Flashcards

Flashcards in Introduction to BB Deck (28)
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1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system

A
  • Gather sensory information from the external environment
  • Integrate information for assessment and meaning
  • Produce motor, behavioural and cognitive responses
  • Regulate body homeostasis for optimal performance
2
Q

describe the divisions of the nervous system

A
  • Nervous system is divided into central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
  • The central nervous system is divided into the brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral nervous system is divided into the autonomic and somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous system
3
Q

name the subdivisions of the Central nervous system

A
  1. Spinal cord
  2. Medulla oblongata
  3. Pons
  4. Cerebellum
  5. Midbrain
  6. Diencephalon
  7. Cerebral hemispheres
4
Q

what are the embryonic brain regions divided into

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
5
Q

describe what embryonic brain regions become what brain structures present in adult

A

Forebrain

  • Cerebrum(cerebral hemispheres, includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia)
  • diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland)

Midbrain
- midbrain (part of the brainstem)

hindbrain

  • pons(part of brainstem)
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata (part of the brainstem
6
Q

what is the oldest part of the brain

A
  • the brainstem
7
Q

what input does the brainstem receive cranial nerves from

A
  • it receives input from 11 of the 12 cranial nerves
8
Q

what does the brainstem contain

A
  • contains nuclei that control the survival systems sucha s breathing, swallowing, balance, autonomic regulation and visual and auditory reflexes
9
Q

what happens if the brainstem is damaged

A

• If the brainstem is damaged someone will go into a coma, even if the forebrain (cortex and thalamus) is not injured.

10
Q

what is each part of the brain important for

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
A

Midbrain – visual, auditory reflexes, orienting reflexes

Pons – relay of information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus, control of movement and sensation from the face, control of mastication

Medulla – integration of breathing and swallowing, control of respiration, control of blood pressure, control of cortical arousal

11
Q

name the cerebral hemispheres and there fissures

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Central sulcus
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Lateral fissure
  • Occipital lobe
12
Q

Name the cortex primary areas and secondary areas and what they supply

A
  • Primary motor cortex – voluntary movement
  • Primary sensory cortex – somatic sensations
  • Primary auditory cortex – hearing
  • Primary visual cortex – vision
  • Broca’s area – language expression (secondary area)
  • Wernicke’s area – language comprehension (secondary area)
13
Q

What does the cerebrum do

A
  • conscious thought processes, intellectual function
  • memory storage and processing
  • conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
14
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A
  • coordinates complex somatic motor patterns

- adjusts output of other somatic motor centres in brain and spinal cord

15
Q

What does medulla oblongata do

A
  • relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brainstme
  • autonomic centres for regulation of visceral function
16
Q

What does pons do

A
  • relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus

- subconscious somatic and visceral motor centres

17
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

18
Q

What does the diencephalon do

A

thalamus
- relay and processing centres for sensory for information

hypothalamus
- centres controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production

19
Q

What does the mesencephalon do

A
  • processing of visual and auditory data
  • generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
  • maintenance of consciousness
20
Q

name the different spinal tracts

A
  • DCML (dorsal column, medial lemniscus)
  • corticospinal tract
  • spinocerebellar tract
  • spinothalamic tract
21
Q

where does DCML crossover and what does it do

A

Crossover in the medulla

- discriminative touch

22
Q

where does the corticospinal tract crossover and what does it do

A

crossovers in the spinomedullary tjunction

- motor descending

23
Q

Where does the spinocerebellar tract crossover and what does it do

A

no functional crossover

- proprioception

24
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract crossover and what does it do

A

cross over in the spinal cord

- pain and temperature

25
Q

name the neurotransmitters and what they do

A

Acetylcholine
- Used by spinal cord neurones to control muscles and by the brain to regulate memory
- Mainly excitatory
Dopamine
- Linked to feelings of pleasure, when released by the brain reward system. Has multiple functions beyond reward.
GABA
- The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Glutamate
- The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Glycine
- It has inhibitory and also excitatory effects (as co-agonist with glutamate).
Noradrenaline
- PNS - it is part of the flight-or-flight response.
- CNS - it regulates complex processes, such as mood.
Serotonin
- Involved in mood, appetite and sensory perception. It is involved in pain modulatory pathways.

26
Q

what is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

and what is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA
- The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Glutamate
- The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

27
Q

where do the basal ganglia and cerebellum project into

A
  • they do not project directly into the spinal cord and brainstem circuits
  • they project into the motor cortex and brainstem centres (upper motor neurones)
28
Q

Name the lobes of the brain and what they are responsible for

A

Frontal – movement
Parietal – somatosensory
Temporal – hearing and memory
Occipital – vision