Introduction and anatomy of lungs, airways and blood supply Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Introduction and anatomy of lungs, airways and blood supply Deck (36)
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1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the movement of air into and out of the lungs, it does not include the exchange of gas with the blood.

2
Q

what are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • gas exchange
  • acid-base balance- regulation of the extracellular fluid pH
  • protection from infection
  • communication via speech
3
Q

what is the function of gas exchange?

A

for transporting oxygen to cells so they can respire aerobically and removal of toxic carbon dioxide

4
Q

what is external respiration?

A

how we move oxygen from the environment to our cells and carbon dioxide away from our cells

5
Q

what sort of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

oxygen poor, carbon dioxide rich

6
Q

what sort of blood does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

oxygen rich, carbon dioxide poor

7
Q

why does respiratory rate and depth of breathing increase when muscles are working during exercise?

A

to cater for the increased energy deman

it allows substrate (oxygen) acquisition and waste disposal (carbon dioxide) to speed up.

8
Q

why does heart rate and force of contraction increase when muscles are working during exercise?

A

to speed up substrate delivery to muscle via blood

and to speed up waste removal via blood

9
Q

where is the only point of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

the alveoli (gas is exchanged with capillaries)

10
Q

what is the steady state, in terms of gases?

A

there is a balance between net volume of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchanged at the lungs per minute and the net volume exchanged in the tissues.

11
Q

what is the role of the nose in the respiratory system?

A

air enters the body through the nose, cilia and mucus trap particles and air is warmed and moistened.

12
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

(aka throat) it is the section of the respiratory tract which is shared with the digestive system

13
Q

what is the epiglottis and what is its role in the respiratory system?

A

a small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow. it is horizontal when you swallow but vertical when breathing

14
Q

what is the larynx?

A

(aka voice box) contains vocal cords which vibrate to produce sound

15
Q

what is the trachea?

A

the section of the respiratory tract just below the larynx, it is made up of rings of cartilage that support and protect it

16
Q

what is a bronchus?

A

the bifurcates into two of these tubes which are the structures through which air enters and exits the lungs

17
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract?

A

it consists of everything in the respiratory tract from the larynx up

18
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract?

A

everything in the respiratory tract below the larynx

19
Q

why do we breath through our nose at rest?

A
  • the nasal tract contains more crevices so hasd a larger surface are and so it is better at moistening air
  • also better and warming air, this helps easily maintain body temp and requires less energy than breathing through the mouth
20
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

21
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

22
Q

how many secondary bronchi does the left lung have?

A

2

23
Q

how many secondary bronchi does the right lug have?

A

3

24
Q

where do tertiary bronchi take air to?

A

segments of the lung

25
Q

what is patency?

A

the condition of being open

26
Q

why are the cartilage rings in the trachea and bronchi important?

A

they maintain patency

27
Q

how does resistance change moving further into the lungs?

A

it decreases, this is because the total area of the airways increases

28
Q

what the conducting zone?

A

the trachea, bronchi and bromchioles

29
Q

what is the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveoli and alveolar ducts

30
Q

what is the function of the elastic fibres of the alveoli?

A

allows increase in volume of alveoli during inspiration and store energy which is released on expiration

31
Q

what is the function of type I alveolar cells?

A

gas exchange

32
Q

what is the function of the type II alveolar cells?

A

produce surfactant
reduces surface tension at alveolar surface
reduces work of breathing

33
Q

what is anatomical dead space?

A

the air inside the conduction zone of the respiratory tract

34
Q

what tissue is the lining of the upper respiratory tract?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with gland (goblet cells), blood vessels and lymph nodes

35
Q

what happens to the lining of the respiratory tract moving from the nose to the alveoli?

A

epithelium becomes more squamous
cilia lost
mucous cells lost

36
Q

purpose of mucous?

A

traps particles
moistens air
provides large surface area for cilia to act on