Intro to Onco Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

A

Cancer

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of precancerous cells?

A

Hyperplasia and dysplasia

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3
Q

What is the difference between dysplasia and hyperplasia?

A
Hyperplasia = accelerated growth of cells
Dysplasia = Abnormal looking cells with or without accelerated growth
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4
Q

Cancer is classified by the origin, including the type of tissue where it occurs and the primary site of development. The name for a benign tumor ends in _____, while for a malignant tumor it ends in _______.

A
Benign = -oma
Malignant = -sarcoma
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5
Q

True or False: A malignant tumor is often encapsulated and rarely recurs once surgically removed.

A

False! These are characteristics of a benign tumor.

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6
Q

Malignant cells are ______, meaning that they have different cellular architecture than the cells of origin that are normal.

A

Anaplastic

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7
Q
All of the following are internal factors influencing carcinogenesis EXCEPT:
A. Viruses (HIV, HPV, EBV, etc.)
B. Heredity (genetic mutations)
C. Inflammation (immune conditions)
D. Endocrine factors (hormones)
A

A. Viruses (HIV, HPV, EBV, etc.)

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8
Q

______ means growth of the same cancer at a distant site from origin.

A

Metastases

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9
Q

List the 4 common sites of metastases.

A

Lung, liver, brain, bone

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10
Q
There are 4 avenues of spread for cancer to metastasize through the body. Which of the following means that the cancer spreads through seeding of tumor during biopsy?
A. Direct Extension
B. Lymphatic
C. Hematogenous
D. Implantation
A

D. Implantation

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11
Q
List 2 of the 4 avenues of metastases that are the most common.
A. Direct Extension
B. Lymphatic
C. Hematogenous
D. Implantation
A

B. Lymphatic

C. Hematogenous

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12
Q

True or False: Malignant cells secrete mediators that stimulate formation of blood vessels for growth and oxygen (and they thrive on this).

A

True

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13
Q
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for cancer development?
A. Older age
B. Smoking
C. Unhealthy diet
D. High cholesterol
E. UV exposure
F. Family history
A

D. High cholesterol

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14
Q

True or False: Geographical location plays a role in higher cancer mortality.

A

True

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15
Q

The most commonly diagnosed cancer annually is ___ in women and _____ in men.

A

Breast cancer in women

Prostate cancer in men

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16
Q
The most common cause of death from cancer annually is from which type of cancer?
A. Lung cancer
B. Colon cancer
C. Pancreatic cancer
D. Leukemia
E. Oral cancer
A

A. Lung cancer

17
Q

In diagnosing cancer, one must look at signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging, tissue sample, and staging. In terms of staging, which is better?
A. G1 - well differentiated
B. G4 - Undifferentiated

A

A. G1 - well differentiated

Because it develops slower and looks more like normal cells.

18
Q
"CAUTION" is used to memorize the signs and symptoms of cancer. Fill in the blanks:
C: Changes in \_\_\_\_ or bladder habits
A: A \_\_\_\_\_ that won't heal
U: Unusual bleeding or discharge
T: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or lump
I: Indigestion or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
O: Obvious changes in a \_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_
N: Nagging \_\_\_\_\_ or abscess
A
C: Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A: A sore throat that won't heal
U: Unusual bleeding or discharge
T: Thickening or lump
I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 
O: Obvious changes in a wart or mole
N: Nagging cough or abscess
19
Q
Which of the following is a full body scan used in cancer to  check for areas of metastases?
A. CT scan
B. MRI scan
C. Ultrasound
D. MUGA
E. PET scan
A

E. PET scan

20
Q

True or False: A tissue sample such as a biopsy is not necessary required to begin treatment for cancer.

A

FALSE! It is an absolute requirement.

21
Q
A malignancy of epithelial origin is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia
A

C. Carcinoma

22
Q
A malignancy of supportive and connective tissue origin is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia
A

B. Sarcoma

23
Q
This type of malignancy originates in the plasma cells of bone.
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia
A

D. Myeloma

24
Q
This type of malignancy is referred to as "liquid cancer" or "blood cancer".
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia
A

E. Leukemia

25
Q
Which of the following is the most common type of cancer histology?
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia
A

C. Carcinoma (~80-90%)

26
Q

The TNM grading system is used to grade tumors. What do T, N, and M stand for?

A
T = Tumor extent
N = Lymph node involvement
M = Metastases
27
Q

True or False: Stage III cancers means there is metastases to other body areas.

A

False! That would be stage IV. Stage III is lymph node involvement.

28
Q
The shortening of period between cycles is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Dose escalation
B. Cycle shortening
C. Dose density
D. Cycle density
E. Dose intensity
A

C. Dose density

29
Q
Chemotherapy cycle dose escalation is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Cycle escalation
B. Cycle shortening
C. Dose density
D. Cycle density
E. Dose intensity
A

E. Dose intensity

30
Q
Which of the following oncology trial endpoints is the BEST measurement?
A. Overall Survival (OS)
B. Disease Free Survival (DFS)
C. Progression Free Survival (PFS)
D. Objective Response Rate (ORR)
E. Complete Response (CR)
A

A. Overall Survival (OS)